<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Natural Sciences Research</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Natural Sciences Research</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Журнал естественнонаучных исследований</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2500-0489</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2500-0489</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">105996</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Астрофизика</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Astrophysics</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Астрофизика</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Formation of giant molecular clouds  inside high-velocity clouds and their manifestations  in the Galaxy and its halo</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Формирование внутри высокоскоростных облаков гигантских молекулярных облаков и их проявления в Галактике и ее гало</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Поройков</surname>
       <given-names>С. Ю.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Poroikov</surname>
       <given-names>Sergey Yu.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>sporoykov@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-01T20:24:35+03:00">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>11</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-01T20:24:35+03:00">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>11</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>10</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>3</fpage>
   <lpage>33</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/105996/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/105996/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Высокоскоростные облака (ВСО) суммарной массой ~7∙109 М○, оседая в Галактику из ее короны ~109 лет, могут образовывать галактические фонтаны (Т ~ 106 К). Внутри ВСО могут формироваться гигантские молекулярные облака (ВМО). Пересекая вращающуюся Галактику ~5 раз, ВМО могут выбрасывать фонтаны газа (Т ~ 105 К), а также воспроизводить 5 спиральных ветвей и цепочки молодых звезд, способствуя звездообразованию 3 ± 1 М○ год-1. Большая часть ВМО оседает на удалении 4 – 8 кпк от центра Галактики, образуя молодые звезды, чья большая светимость может завышать оценку массы данной области (влияющей на кривую вращения Галактики) до 30%. ВМО и ВСО образуют ударные волны размером 0,3 – 1 кпк мощностью ~4∙1041 эрг/с, ускоряющие космические лучи (КЛ) до ≤3∙1015 эВ. Цепочки ВСО в короне Галактики, сжимающиеся в комплексы ВСО в ее гало, ускорят КЛ до ≤1018 эВ; ансамбль 2,5∙103 ВМО в гало ускорят КЛ до ≤3∙1019 эВ, Магелланов Поток – до ≤1020 эВ.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>High-velocity clouds (HVC) with a total mass of ~7∙109 M○, settling into the Galaxy from its corona for ~109 years, can emit galactic fountains (T ~ 106 K). Giant molecular clouds (HMC) can form inside HVC. Crossing the rotating Galaxy ~5 times, HMC can eject fountains of gas (T ~ 105 K), as well as reproduce 5 spiral branches and chains of young stars, promoting star formation at 3 ± 1 M○ year-1. Most of the HMC settles at a distance of 4–8 kpc from the Galactic center, forming young stars whose high luminosity can overestimate the mass of this region (affecting the Galactic rotation curve) by up to 30%. HMC and HVC form shock waves with a size of 0.3 – 1 kpc with a power of ~4∙1041 erg/s, accelerating cosmic rays (CR) to ≤3∙1015 eV. Chains of HVC in the corona of Galaxy, collapsing into HVC complexes in its halo, can accelerate CR to ≤1018 eV; an ensemble of 2.5∙103 HMC can accelerate CR to ≤3∙1019 eV, Magellanic Stream – to ≤1020 eV.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>высокоскоростные облака</kwd>
    <kwd>гигантские молекулярные облака</kwd>
    <kwd>галактические фонтаны</kwd>
    <kwd>космические лучи</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>high-velocity clouds</kwd>
    <kwd>giant molecular clouds</kwd>
    <kwd>galactic fountains</kwd>
    <kwd>cosmic rays</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">N. Tahir, M. López-Corredoira, F. De Paolis. The baryonic mass estimates of the Milky Way halo in the form of high-velocity clouds // New Astronomy. – 2025. – V. 115. – Art. 102328.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">N. Tahir, M. López-Corredoira, F. De Paolis. The baryonic mass estimates of the Milky Way halo in the form of high-velocity clouds // New Astronomy. – 2025. – V. 115. – Art. 102328.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">С.Ю. Поройков. Проявления ударных волн вокруг гало галактик – спутников и высокоскоростных облаков в короне Галактики // Журнал естественнонаучных исследований. – 2025. – Т. 10. – № 2. – С. 2-26.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S.Yu. Poroykov. Proyavleniya udarnyh voln vokrug galo galaktik – sputnikov i vysokoskorostnyh oblakov v korone Galaktiki // Zhurnal estestvennonauchnyh issledovaniy. – 2025. – T. 10. – № 2. – S. 2-26.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А.В. Земляков, М.А. Еремин, И.Г. Коваленко, Е.В. Жукова. О прохождении межзвездных облаков через спиральный рукав дисковой галактики // Моделирование, информатика и управление. – 2020. – Т. 23. – № 2. – С. 41-56.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.V. Zemlyakov, M.A. Eremin, I.G. Kovalenko, E.V. Zhukova. O prohozhdenii mezhzvezdnyh oblakov cherez spiral'nyy rukav diskovoy galaktiki // Modelirovanie, informatika i upravlenie. – 2020. – T. 23. – № 2. – S. 41-56.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">T. Westmeier. A new all-sky map of Galactic high-velocity clouds from the 21-cm HI4PI survey // Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. – 2018. – V. 474. – Is. 1. – P. 289–299.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">T. Westmeier. A new all-sky map of Galactic high-velocity clouds from the 21-cm HI4PI survey // Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. – 2018. – V. 474. – Is. 1. – P. 289–299.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">F.J. Lockman, R.A. Benjamin, A.J. Heroux, G.I. Langston. The Smith Cloud: A High-Velocity Cloud Colliding with the Milky Way // The Astrophysical Journal – 2008. – V. 679. – № 1. – L21-L24.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">F.J. Lockman, R.A. Benjamin, A.J. Heroux, G.I. Langston. The Smith Cloud: A High-Velocity Cloud Colliding with the Milky Way // The Astrophysical Journal – 2008. – V. 679. – № 1. – L21-L24.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">P. Richter, B.P. Wakker, B.D. Savage, K.R. Sembach. A Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer // The Astrophysical Journal. – 2003. – V. 586. – № 1 – P. 230-248.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">P. Richter, B.P. Wakker, B.D. Savage, K.R. Sembach. A Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer // The Astrophysical Journal. – 2003. – V. 586. – № 1 – P. 230-248.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А.М. Прохоров. Физическая энциклопедия, т. 3. М.: Научное издательство «Большая Российская энциклопедия». – 1992. – 672 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.M. Prohorov. Fizicheskaya enciklopediya, t. 3. M.: Nauchnoe izdatel'stvo «Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya enciklopediya». – 1992. – 672 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">T. Ashley, A.J. Fox, F.H. Cashman, et al. Diverse metallicities of Fermi bubble clouds indicate dual origins in the disk and halo // Nature Astronomy. – 2002. – V. 6. – P. 968-975.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">T. Ashley, A.J. Fox, F.H. Cashman, et al. Diverse metallicities of Fermi bubble clouds indicate dual origins in the disk and halo // Nature Astronomy. – 2002. – V. 6. – P. 968-975.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">И.С. Григорьев, Е.З. Мейлихов. Физические величины. Справочник. – М.: Энергоатомиздат. – 1991. – 1232 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I.S. Grigor'ev, E.Z. Meylihov. Fizicheskie velichiny. Spravochnik. – M.: Energoatomizdat. – 1991. – 1232 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. Carretti, R.M. Crocker, et al. Giant magnetized outflows from the centre of the Milky Way // Nature. – 2013. – V. 493. – P. 66-69.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. Carretti, R.M. Crocker, et al. Giant magnetized outflows from the centre of the Milky Way // Nature. – 2013. – V. 493. – P. 66-69.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">P. Predehl, R.A. Sunyaev, et al. Detection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo // Nature. – 2020. – V. 588. – P. 227–231.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">P. Predehl, R.A. Sunyaev, et al. Detection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo // Nature. – 2020. – V. 588. – P. 227–231.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А.М. Прохоров. Физическая энциклопедия, т. 2. М.: Научное издательство «Большая Российская энциклопедия». – 1998. – 703 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.M. Prohorov. Fizicheskaya enciklopediya, t. 2. M.: Nauchnoe izdatel'stvo «Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya enciklopediya». – 1998. – 703 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Y. Stein, R.-J. Dettmar, R. Beck, et al. Transport processes and the X-shaped magnetic field of NGC 4217: off-center superbubble structure // Astronomy and Astrophysics. – 2020. – V. 639. – A111. – 25 рр.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Y. Stein, R.-J. Dettmar, R. Beck, et al. Transport processes and the X-shaped magnetic field of NGC 4217: off-center superbubble structure // Astronomy and Astrophysics. – 2020. – V. 639. – A111. – 25 rr.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M.E. Putman, J.E.G. Peek, M.R. Joung. Gaseous Galaxy Halos // Review Article. – 2012. – V. 50. – P. 491–529.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M.E. Putman, J.E.G. Peek, M.R. Joung. Gaseous Galaxy Halos // Review Article. – 2012. – V. 50. – P. 491–529.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gil de Paz, S. Boissier, B.F. Madore, et al. The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies // The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. – 2007. – V. 173. – № 2. – P. 185.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gil de Paz, S. Boissier, B.F. Madore, et al. The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies // The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. – 2007. – V. 173. – № 2. – P. 185.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А.М. Прохоров. Физическая энциклопедия, т. 4. М.: Научное издательство «Большая Российская энциклопедия». – 1994. – 704 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.M. Prohorov. Fizicheskaya enciklopediya, t. 4. M.: Nauchnoe izdatel'stvo «Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya enciklopediya». – 1994. – 704 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А.М. Прохоров. Физическая энциклопедия, т. 1. М.: Научное издательство «Большая Российская энциклопедия». – 1988. – 704 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.M. Prohorov. Fizicheskaya enciklopediya, t. 1. M.: Nauchnoe izdatel'stvo «Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya enciklopediya». – 1988. – 704 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А.В. Засов, К.А. Постнов. Общая астрофизика. 2-е изд. испр. и дополн. Фрязино: Век 2. – 2011. – 576 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.V. Zasov, K.A. Postnov. Obschaya astrofizika. 2-e izd. ispr. i dopoln. Fryazino: Vek 2. – 2011. – 576 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А.М. Прохоров. Физическая энциклопедия, т. 5. М.: Научное издательство «Большая Российская энциклопедия». – 1998. – 784 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.M. Prohorov. Fizicheskaya enciklopediya, t. 5. M.: Nauchnoe izdatel'stvo «Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya enciklopediya». – 1998. – 784 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M.E. Putman, L. Staveley-Smith, K.C. Freeman, B.K. Gibson, D.G. Barnes. The Magellanic Stream, High-Velocity Clouds, and the Sculptor Group // The Astrophysical Journal. – 2003. – V. 586. – № 1. – Р. 170-194.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M.E. Putman, L. Staveley-Smith, K.C. Freeman, B.K. Gibson, D.G. Barnes. The Magellanic Stream, High-Velocity Clouds, and the Sculptor Group // The Astrophysical Journal. – 2003. – V. 586. – № 1. – R. 170-194.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D. Carollo, et al. Two stellar components in the halo of the Milky Way // Nature. – 2007. – V. 450. – P. 1020–1025.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. Carollo, et al. Two stellar components in the halo of the Milky Way // Nature. – 2007. – V. 450. – P. 1020–1025.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А.В. Тутуков, С.В. Верещагин, М.Д. Сизова. Разрушение галактик как причина появления звездных потоков // Астрономический журнал. – 2021. – Т. 98. – № 11. – С. 883-900.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.V. Tutukov, S.V. Vereschagin, M.D. Sizova. Razrushenie galaktik kak prichina poyavleniya zvezdnyh potokov // Astronomicheskiy zhurnal. – 2021. – T. 98. – № 11. – S. 883-900.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Ibata, B. Gibson. The Ghosts of Galaxies Past // Scientific American Magazine. – 2007. – V. 296. – № 4. – P. 40-45.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Ibata, B. Gibson. The Ghosts of Galaxies Past // Scientific American Magazine. – 2007. – V. 296. – № 4. – P. 40-45.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Y. Hu, K.H. Yuen, V. Lazarian, et al. Magnetic field morphology in interstellar clouds with the velocity gradient technique // Nature Astronomy. – 2019. – V.3. – P. 776-782.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Y. Hu, K.H. Yuen, V. Lazarian, et al. Magnetic field morphology in interstellar clouds with the velocity gradient technique // Nature Astronomy. – 2019. – V.3. – P. 776-782.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L.G. Hou. The spiral structure in the Solar neighborhood // Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. – 2021. – V. 8 – № 103. – 23 pp.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L.G. Hou. The spiral structure in the Solar neighborhood // Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. – 2021. – V. 8 – № 103. – 23 pp.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Е.Г. Бережко, Г.Ф. Крымский. Ускорение космических лучей ударными волнами // Успехи физических наук. – 1988. – Т. 154. – № 1. – С. 49-91.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E.G. Berezhko, G.F. Krymskiy. Uskorenie kosmicheskih luchey udarnymi volnami // Uspehi fizicheskih nauk. – 1988. – T. 154. – № 1. – S. 49-91.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D. Chernyshov, K.-S. Cheng, V. Dogiel, C.-M. Ko. Fermi bubbles as sources of cosmic rays above 1 PeV // EPJ Web of Conferences. – 2017. – 145. – 04004. – 5 pp.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. Chernyshov, K.-S. Cheng, V. Dogiel, C.-M. Ko. Fermi bubbles as sources of cosmic rays above 1 PeV // EPJ Web of Conferences. – 2017. – 145. – 04004. – 5 pp.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
