Foods and Raw Materials Foods and Raw Materials Foods and Raw Materials 2308-4057 2310-9599 106621 10.21603/2308-4057-2026-2-682 JSGXVE Research Article Research Article Research Article Stabilizing liposomes loaded with proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and microelements Stabilizing liposomes loaded with proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and microelements https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8980-4741 Tsepeleva Irina A. Tsepeleva Irina A. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3290-8459 Yudina Alesya N. Yudina Alesya N. a.n.yudina@yandex.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1095-2641 Krasnoshtanova Alla A. Krasnoshtanova Alla A. aak28@yandex.ru Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology Moscow Россия Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology Moscow Russian Federation Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology Moscow Россия Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology Moscow Russian Federation Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology Moscow Россия Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology Moscow Russian Federation 17 11 2025 17 11 2025 14 2 408 424 19 09 2024 03 06 2025 https://jfrm.ru/en/issues/23601/24010/

Many protein-containing drugs have limited application in the prevention and treatment of diseases due to their instability in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, there is a need for complex liposomal drugs with stabilizing components that can enhance their therapeutic effect. Our objects of study included soy lecithin, egg albumin, immunoglobulin, insulin, chitosan, amino acids, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, zinc sulfate, and iron (III) chloride. The concentrations of nutrients were determined by the colorimetric and titrimetric methods. We also used the peroxide value and the dynamic light scattering method. Liposomes obtained by the injection method had a diameter of 4.7 ± 0.2 μm, which makes them suitable for oral drug administration. Protein incorporation at 98, 95, and 83% was achieved by 1.0 mg/mL insulin, 1.6 mg/mL globulin, and 30 mg/ mL albumin, respectively. The most optimal concentration of albumin in liposomes was 30 mg/mL. The highest degrees of incorporation of amino acids and their mixtures were 94–98 and 90%, respectively. Stabilizing liposomes with vitamins В2 and C, as well as zinc and iron, increased the liposomal incorporation of amino acid mixtures and ensured their release in the model gastrointestinal tract. The protein corona increased the release of target components in the small intestine and improved liposome stability during storage. Modifying the surface of liposomes with chitosan decreased the release of albumin in the oral cavity, stomach, and intestine. Complex liposomes proved to have better stability in the model gastrointestinal tract and during storage. The results obtained can be used to create complex nutriceuticals.

Many protein-containing drugs have limited application in the prevention and treatment of diseases due to their instability in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, there is a need for complex liposomal drugs with stabilizing components that can enhance their therapeutic effect. Our objects of study included soy lecithin, egg albumin, immunoglobulin, insulin, chitosan, amino acids, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, zinc sulfate, and iron (III) chloride. The concentrations of nutrients were determined by the colorimetric and titrimetric methods. We also used the peroxide value and the dynamic light scattering method. Liposomes obtained by the injection method had a diameter of 4.7 ± 0.2 μm, which makes them suitable for oral drug administration. Protein incorporation at 98, 95, and 83% was achieved by 1.0 mg/mL insulin, 1.6 mg/mL globulin, and 30 mg/ mL albumin, respectively. The most optimal concentration of albumin in liposomes was 30 mg/mL. The highest degrees of incorporation of amino acids and their mixtures were 94–98 and 90%, respectively. Stabilizing liposomes with vitamins B2 and C, as well as zinc and iron, increased the liposomal incorporation of amino acid mixtures and ensured their release in the model gastrointestinal tract. The protein corona increased the release of target components in the small intestine and improved liposome stability during storage. Modifying the surface of liposomes with chitosan decreased the release of albumin in the oral cavity, stomach, and intestine. Complex liposomes proved to have better stability in the model gastrointestinal tract and during storage. The results obtained can be used to create complex nutriceuticals.

 Liposomes soy lecithin protein therapy albumin globulin insulin amino acids vitamins microelements Liposomes soy lecithin protein therapy albumin globulin insulin amino acids vitamins microelements

Ye C, Chi H. A review of recent progress in drug and protein encapsulation: Approaches, applications and challenges. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2018;83:233–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.10.003 Ye C, Chi H. A review of recent progress in drug and protein encapsulation: Approaches, applications and challenges. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2018;83:233–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.10.003 El-Fakharany EM, El-Gendi H, Saleh AK, El-Sayed MH, Alalawy AI, et al. The use of proteins and peptides-based therapy in managing and preventing pathogenic viruses. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2024;270(Part 2):132254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132254 El-Fakharany EM, El-Gendi H, Saleh AK, El-Sayed MH, Alalawy AI, et al. The use of proteins and peptides-based therapy in managing and preventing pathogenic viruses. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2024;270(Part 2):132254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132254 Pogmore JP, Uehling D, Andrews DW. Pharmacological targeting of executioner proteins: Controlling life and death. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2021;64(9):5276–5290. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02200 Pogmore JP, Uehling D, Andrews DW. Pharmacological targeting of executioner proteins: Controlling life and death. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2021;64(9):5276–5290. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02200 Li X, Yu J, Dong Y, Shen X, Hou R, et al. Protein acetylation and related potential therapeutic strategies in kidney disease. Pharmacological Research. 2023;197;106950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106950 Li X, Yu J, Dong Y, Shen X, Hou R, et al. Protein acetylation and related potential therapeutic strategies in kidney disease. Pharmacological Research. 2023;197;106950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106950 Choudhury A, Sonowal K, Laskar RE, Deka D, Dey BK. Liposome: A carrier for effective drug delivery. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research 2020;8(1):22–28. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.joapr.2019.v.8.i.1.003 Choudhury A, Sonowal K, Laskar RE, Deka D, Dey BK. Liposome: A carrier for effective drug delivery. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research 2020;8(1):22–28. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.joapr.2019.v.8.i.1.003 Almeida B, Nag OK, Rogers KE, Delehanty JB. Recent progress in bioconjugation strategies for liposome-mediated drug delivery. Molecules. 2020;25(23):5672. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235672 Almeida B, Nag OK, Rogers KE, Delehanty JB. Recent progress in bioconjugation strategies for liposome-mediated drug delivery. Molecules. 2020;25(23):5672. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235672 Bobrysheva TN, Anisimov GS, Zolotoreva MS, Evdokimov IA, Budkevich RO, et al. Encapsulated polyphenols in functional food production. Foods and Raw Materials. 2025;13(1):18–34. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2025-1-620 Bobrysheva TN, Anisimov GS, Zolotoreva MS, Evdokimov IA, Budkevich RO, et al. Encapsulated polyphenols in functional food production. Foods and Raw Materials. 2025;13(1):18–34. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2025-1-620 Wang Y, Fernandes RMF, Marques EF. From single gemini surfactants in water to catanionic mixtures with the bile salt sodium taurodeoxycholate: Extensive micellar solutions, coacervation and liquid crystal polymorphism as revealed by phase behavior studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2019;285:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.067 Wang Y, Fernandes RMF, Marques EF. From single gemini surfactants in water to catanionic mixtures with the bile salt sodium taurodeoxycholate: Extensive micellar solutions, coacervation and liquid crystal polymorphism as revealed by phase behavior studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2019;285:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.067 Morais D, Tanoeiro L, Marques AT, Concalves T, Duarte A, et al. Liposomal delivery of newly identified prophage lysins in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(17):10143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710143 Morais D, Tanoeiro L, Marques AT, Concalves T, Duarte A, et al. Liposomal delivery of newly identified prophage lysins in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(17):10143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710143 Liu P, Chen G, Zhang J. A review of liposomes as a drug delivery system: Current status of approved products, regulatory environments, and future perspectives. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041372 Liu P, Chen G, Zhang J. A review of liposomes as a drug delivery system: Current status of approved products, regulatory environments, and future perspectives. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041372 Yüzer MO, Gençcelep H. Sesame seed protein: Amino acid, functional, and physicochemical profiles. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):72–83. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2023-1-555 Yüzer MO, Gençcelep H. Sesame seed protein: Amino acid, functional, and physicochemical profiles. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):72–83. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2023-1-555 Halavach TM, Kurchenko VP, Tarun EI, Romanovich RV, Mushkevich NV, et al. Chitosan complexes with amino acids and whey peptides: Sensory and antioxidant properties. Foods and Raw Materials. 2024;12(1):13–21. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2024-1-584 Halavach TM, Kurchenko VP, Tarun EI, Romanovich RV, Mushkevich NV, et al. Chitosan complexes with amino acids and whey peptides: Sensory and antioxidant properties. Foods and Raw Materials. 2024;12(1):13–21. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2024-1-584 McGregor C, Perrin C, Monck M, Camilleri P, Kirby AJ. Rational approaches to the design of cationic gemini surfactants for gene delivery. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2001;123(26):6215–6220. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja005681c McGregor C, Perrin C, Monck M, Camilleri P, Kirby AJ. Rational approaches to the design of cationic gemini surfactants for gene delivery. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2001;123(26):6215–6220. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja005681c Yang P, Singh J, Wettig S, Foldvari M, Verrall RE, et al. Enhanced gene expression in epithelial cells transfected with amino acid-substituted gemini nanoparticles. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2010;75(3):311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.04.007 Yang P, Singh J, Wettig S, Foldvari M, Verrall RE, et al. Enhanced gene expression in epithelial cells transfected with amino acid-substituted gemini nanoparticles. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2010;75(3):311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.04.007 Denieva ZG, Koloskova OO, Gileva AM, Budanova UA, Sebyakin YuL. Mixed cationic liposomes based on L-amino acids as effective means of delivery of therapeutic molecules into cells. Biologiceskie Membrany. 2023;40(3):203–216. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0233475523030052 Denieva ZG, Koloskova OO, Gileva AM, Budanova UA, Sebyakin YuL. Mixed cationic liposomes based on L-amino acids as effective means of delivery of therapeutic molecules into cells. Biologiceskie Membrany. 2023;40(3):203–216. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0233475523030052 Tosato M, Calvani R, Picca A, Ciciarello F, Galluzzo V, et al. Effects of L-arginine plus vitamin C supplementation on physical performance, endothelial function, and persistent fatigue in adults with long COVID: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2022;14(23):4984. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234984 Tosato M, Calvani R, Picca A, Ciciarello F, Galluzzo V, et al. Effects of L-arginine plus vitamin C supplementation on physical performance, endothelial function, and persistent fatigue in adults with long COVID: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2022;14(23):4984. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234984 Eremeeva NB. Nanoparticles of metals and their compounds in films and coatings: A review. Foods and Raw Materials. 2024;12(1):60–79. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2024-1-588 Eremeeva NB. Nanoparticles of metals and their compounds in films and coatings: A review. Foods and Raw Materials. 2024;12(1):60–79. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2024-1-588 Singh H, Thompson A, Liu W, Corredig M. Liposomes as food ingredients and nutraceutical delivery systems. Encapsulation Technologies and Delivery Systems for Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals. United Kingdom: Woodhead publishing series in food science, technology and nutrition; 2012, pp. 287–318. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095909.3.287 Singh H, Thompson A, Liu W, Corredig M. Liposomes as food ingredients and nutraceutical delivery systems. Encapsulation Technologies and Delivery Systems for Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals. United Kingdom: Woodhead publishing series in food science, technology and nutrition; 2012, pp. 287–318. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095909.3.287 Praskova JA, Kiseleva TF, Reznichenko IYu, Frolova NA, Shkrabtak NV, et al. Biologically active substances of Vitis amurensis Rupr.: Preventing premature aging. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2021;51(1):159–169. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-1-159-169 Praskova JA, Kiseleva TF, Reznichenko IYu, Frolova NA, Shkrabtak NV, et al. Biologically active substances of Vitis amurensis Rupr.: Preventing premature aging. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2021;51(1):159–169. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-1-159-169 Nechaev AP, Samoilov AV, Bessonov VV, Nikolaeva YuV, Tarasova VV, et al. Influence of antioxidants in native and micellized forms on shelf life of emulsion fat product. Problems of Nutrition. 2020;89(5):101–109. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10070 Nechaev AP, Samoilov AV, Bessonov VV, Nikolaeva YuV, Tarasova VV, et al. Influence of antioxidants in native and micellized forms on shelf life of emulsion fat product. Problems of Nutrition. 2020;89(5):101–109. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10070 Zaitsev VV, Shestakova SV, Voevodina YuA, Ryzhakina TP. Physiological reaction of hemostasis in piglets caught in unfavorable environmental conditions for the inclusion of the lipipital preparation lipovitam-beta in their diet. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2019;10(1):2068–2074. https://elibrary.ru/YSEIBV Zaitsev VV, Shestakova SV, Voevodina YuA, Ryzhakina TP. Physiological reaction of hemostasis in piglets caught in unfavorable environmental conditions for the inclusion of the lipipital preparation lipovitam-beta in their diet. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2019;10(1):2068–2074. https://elibrary.ru/YSEIBV Gupta A, Kalyanram P, Stadler I. Interaction of riboflavin-5-phosphate with liposome bilayers. Journal of Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine. 2018;3(1):49–59. https://doi.org/10.4018/JNN.2018010103 Gupta A, Kalyanram P, Stadler I. Interaction of riboflavin-5-phosphate with liposome bilayers. Journal of Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine. 2018;3(1):49–59. https://doi.org/10.4018/JNN.2018010103 Brzezińska J, Szewczyk A, Brzezicha J, Prokopowicz M, Grembecka M. Evaluation of physicochemical properties of beetroot-based dietary supplements. Foods. 2021:10(8):1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081693 Brzezińska J, Szewczyk A, Brzezicha J, Prokopowicz M, Grembecka M. Evaluation of physicochemical properties of beetroot-based dietary supplements. Foods. 2021:10(8):1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081693 Lo JO, Benson AE, Martens KL, Hedges MA, McMurry HS, et al. The role of oral iron in the treatment of adults with iron deficiency. European Journal of Haematology. 2023;110(2):123–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13892 Lo JO, Benson AE, Martens KL, Hedges MA, McMurry HS, et al. The role of oral iron in the treatment of adults with iron deficiency. European Journal of Haematology. 2023;110(2):123–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13892 Fedorovа TA, Borzykina OM, Strelnikova EV, Danilov AYu, Ivanets TYu. Correction of iron deficiency anemia in patients with menorrhagia. Gynecology. 2017;19(1):68–73. https://doi.org/10.17116/repro201723450-55 Fedorova TA, Borzykina OM, Strelnikova EV, Danilov AYu, Ivanets TYu. Correction of iron deficiency anemia in patients with menorrhagia. Gynecology. 2017;19(1):68–73. https://doi.org/10.17116/repro201723450-55 Taherinia S, Heidari Z, Salehidoost R, Karimifar M, Arab A, et al. Associations between empirically derived dietary patterns and oxidative stress and inflammation in adults with primary hypothyroidism: A case-control study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023;23:105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01348-9 Taherinia S, Heidari Z, Salehidoost R, Karimifar M, Arab A, et al. Associations between empirically derived dietary patterns and oxidative stress and inflammation in adults with primary hypothyroidism: A case-control study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023;23:105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01348-9 Zinc and Hydroxychloroquine in COVID19 and Sars-CoV2. Clinical Trials Registry – ICH GCP. [cited 2024 Oct 10]. Available from: https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/ Zinc and Hydroxychloroquine in COVID19 and Sars-CoV2. Clinical Trials Registry – ICH GCP. [cited 2024 Oct 10]. Available from: https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/ Robson AL, Dastoor PC, Flynn J, Palmer W, Martin A, et al. Advantages and limitations of current imaging techniques for characterizing liposome morphology. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2018;9:80. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00080 Robson AL, Dastoor PC, Flynn J, Palmer W, Martin A, et al. Advantages and limitations of current imaging techniques for characterizing liposome morphology. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2018;9:80. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00080 Ivanov LV, Scherbak AV, Kravchenko VG, Derimedved LV, Suprun EV. Study of mechanisms of cytotoxicity spectrum expansion of pegylated liposomal delivery systems. World Science. 2019;3(6):26–36. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062019/6573 Ivanov LV, Scherbak AV, Kravchenko VG, Derimedved LV, Suprun EV. Study of mechanisms of cytotoxicity spectrum expansion of pegylated liposomal delivery systems. World Science. 2019;3(6):26–36. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062019/6573 Ding Y, Yang R, Yu W, Hu C, Zhang Z, et al. Chitosan oligosaccharide decorated liposomes combined with TH302 for photodynamic therapy in triple negative breast cancer. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00891-8 Ding Y, Yang R, Yu W, Hu C, Zhang Z, et al. Chitosan oligosaccharide decorated liposomes combined with TH302 for photodynamic therapy in triple negative breast cancer. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00891-8 Kianfar E. Protein nanoparticles in drug delivery: Animal protein, plant proteins and protein cages, albumin nanoparticles. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00896-3 Kianfar E. Protein nanoparticles in drug delivery: Animal protein, plant proteins and protein cages, albumin nanoparticles. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00896-3 Kurchenko VP, Halavach TM, Sushynskaya NV, Tarun EI, Dudchik NV, et al. Multicomponent composites of cyclodextrin nanocomplexes with biologically active substances for functional foods. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2022;52(2):375–389. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-2-2370 Kurchenko VP, Halavach TM, Sushynskaya NV, Tarun EI, Dudchik NV, et al. Multicomponent composites of cyclodextrin nanocomplexes with biologically active substances for functional foods. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2022;52(2):375–389. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-2-2370 Kenchappa V, Wahl M, Heinle H. Liposomes as carriers of resveratrol and vitamin E: Evaluating ameliorative antioxidant effect using chemical and cellular test systems. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2022;92(5–6):342–348. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000680 Kenchappa V, Wahl M, Heinle H. Liposomes as carriers of resveratrol and vitamin E: Evaluating ameliorative antioxidant effect using chemical and cellular test systems. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2022;92(5–6):342–348. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000680 Wang S, Chen Y, Guo J, Huang Q. Liposomes for tumor targeted therapy: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(3):2643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032643 Wang S, Chen Y, Guo J, Huang Q. Liposomes for tumor targeted therapy: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(3):2643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032643 Kurakin MS, Ozherel’eva AV, Motyreva OG, Krapiva TV. A new approach to the development of food products. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2021;51(3):434–448. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/ZDZMEX Kurakin MS, Ozherel’eva AV, Motyreva OG, Krapiva TV. A new approach to the development of food products. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2021;51(3):434–448. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/ZDZMEX Moliboga EA, Sukhostav EV, Kozlova OA, Zinich AV. Functional food market analysis: Russian and international aspects. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2022;52(4):775–786. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-4-2405 Moliboga EA, Sukhostav EV, Kozlova OA, Zinich AV. Functional food market analysis: Russian and international aspects. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2022;52(4):775–786. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-4-2405 Gumerov TY, Mingaleeva ZS, Reshetnik OA. Recipes development and evaluation of quality and safety indicators for cereal products. Food Industry. 2022;7(1):70–81. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.29141/2500-1922-2022-7-1-9 Gumerov TY, Mingaleeva ZS, Reshetnik OA. Recipes development and evaluation of quality and safety indicators for cereal products. Food Industry. 2022;7(1):70–81. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.29141/2500-1922-2022-7-1-9 Marukhlenko АV, Maksimova ТV, Pleteneva ТV, Morozova МA. Development and validation of method for the quantitative determination of zinc in its chelate complexes using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Drug development & registration. 2021;10(4):154–161. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2021-10-4-154-161 Marukhlenko AV, Maksimova TV, Pleteneva TV, Morozova MA. Development and validation of method for the quantitative determination of zinc in its chelate complexes using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Drug development & registration. 2021;10(4):154–161. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2021-10-4-154-161 Brodkorb A, Egger L, Alminger M, Alvito P, Assunção R, et al. INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion. Nature Protocols. 2019;14:991–1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0119-1 Brodkorb A, Egger L, Alminger M, Alvito P, Assunção R, et al. INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion. Nature Protocols. 2019;14:991–1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0119-1 Liu W, Hou Y, Jin Y, Wang Y, Xu X, et al. Research progress on liposomes: Application in food, digestion behavior and absorption mechanism. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2020;104:177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.012 Liu W, Hou Y, Jin Y, Wang Y, Xu X, et al. Research progress on liposomes: Application in food, digestion behavior and absorption mechanism. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2020;104:177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.012 Lisovaya EV, Lisovoy VV, Victorova EP. Methods for obtaining liposomal systems to be used in the food industry. New Technologies. 2020;16(5):28–33. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2020-16-5-28-33 Lisovaya EV, Lisovoy VV, Victorova EP. Methods for obtaining liposomal systems to be used in the food industry. New Technologies. 2020;16(5):28–33. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2020-16-5-28-33 Zhang H. Thin-film hydration followed by extrusion method for liposome preparation. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2017;1522:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6591-5_2 Zhang H. Thin-film hydration followed by extrusion method for liposome preparation. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2017;1522:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6591-5_2 Minekus M, Alminger M, Alvito P, Ballance S, Bohn T, et al. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food – an international consensus. Food & Function. 2014;5:1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60702j Minekus M, Alminger M, Alvito P, Ballance S, Bohn T, et al. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food – an international consensus. Food & Function. 2014;5:1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60702j Hur SJ, Lim BO, Decker EA, McClements DJ. In vitro human digestion models for food applications. Food Chemistry. 2011;125(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.036 Hur SJ, Lim BO, Decker EA, McClements DJ. In vitro human digestion models for food applications. Food Chemistry. 2011;125(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.036 Kornilov KN, Roeva NN, Voronich SS. Ecological valuation of modified starches by the method of dynamic laser light scattering. Ecological Systems and Devices. 2020;7:31–40. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25791/esip.07.2020.1169 Kornilov KN, Roeva NN, Voronich SS. Ecological valuation of modified starches by the method of dynamic laser light scattering. Ecological Systems and Devices. 2020;7:31–40. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25791/esip.07.2020.1169 Kuznetsova LA, Basova NE. The role of arginine and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 complicated by metabolic syndrome. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2022;7(6):51–70. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25687/1996-6733.prodanimbiol.2021.2.38-51 Kuznetsova LA, Basova NE. The role of arginine and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 complicated by metabolic syndrome. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2022;7(6):51–70. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25687/1996-6733.prodanimbiol.2021.2.38-51 Davis DA, Cox PA, Banack SA, Lecusay PD, Garamszegi SP, et al. L-serine reduces spinal cord pathology in a vervet model of preclinical ALS/MND. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2020;79(4):393–406. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlaa002 Davis DA, Cox PA, Banack SA, Lecusay PD, Garamszegi SP, et al. L-serine reduces spinal cord pathology in a vervet model of preclinical ALS/MND. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2020;79(4):393–406. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlaa002 Holeček M. Histidine in health and disease: Metabolism, physiological importance, and use as a supplement. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):848. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030848 Holeček M. Histidine in health and disease: Metabolism, physiological importance, and use as a supplement. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):848. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030848 Reznichenko IYu, Donchenko TA. Formation of a diets taken into account the biological value of cookies. Polzunovskiy VESTNIK. 2024;(1):120–125. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25712/ASTU.2072-8921.2024.01.014 Reznichenko IYu, Donchenko TA. Formation of a diets taken into account the biological value of cookies. Polzunovskiy VESTNIK. 2024;(1):120–125. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25712/ASTU.2072-8921.2024.01.014 Kononova IN, Kareva EN. Fourth-generation folic acid active metabolite Quatrefolic® and micronized, microencapsulated iron Lipofer®: Innovative approaches for iron and folic acid deficiencies in women (a review). Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2022;5(1):18–27. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-1-18-27 Kononova IN, Kareva EN. Fourth-generation folic acid active metabolite Quatrefolic® and micronized, microencapsulated iron Lipofer®: Innovative approaches for iron and folic acid deficiencies in women (a review). Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2022;5(1):18–27. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-1-18-27 Tretiakova DS, Khaidukov SV, Onishchenko NR, Vodovozova EL, Babayants AA, et al. Lipophilic prodrug of methotrexate in the membrane of liposomes promotes their uptake by human blood phagocytes. Acta Naturae. 2020;12(1):99–109. https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.10946 Tretiakova DS, Khaidukov SV, Onishchenko NR, Vodovozova EL, Babayants AA, et al. Lipophilic prodrug of methotrexate in the membrane of liposomes promotes their uptake by human blood phagocytes. Acta Naturae. 2020;12(1):99–109. https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.10946 Sybachin AV, Stepanova DA. Modification of multiliposomal nanocontainers with albumin as a method for increasing their resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis. Kolloidnyj Zhurnal. 2021;83(2):222–229. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31857/S0023291221020117 Sybachin AV, Stepanova DA. Modification of multiliposomal nanocontainers with albumin as a method for increasing their resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis. Kolloidnyj Zhurnal. 2021;83(2):222–229. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31857/S0023291221020117 Shipunova VO, Deyev SM. Artificial scaffold polypeptides as an efficient tool for the targeted delivery of nanostructures in vitro and in vivo. Acta Naturae. 2022.14(1):54–72. https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11545 Shipunova VO, Deyev SM. Artificial scaffold polypeptides as an efficient tool for the targeted delivery of nanostructures in vitro and in vivo. Acta Naturae. 2022.14(1):54–72. https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11545 Ding R, Zhao Z, He J, Tao Y, Zhang H, et al. Preparation, drug distribution, and in vivo evaluation of the safety of protein corona liposomes for liraglutide delivery. Nanomaterials. 2023;13(3):540. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030540 Ding R, Zhao Z, He J, Tao Y, Zhang H, et al. Preparation, drug distribution, and in vivo evaluation of the safety of protein corona liposomes for liraglutide delivery. Nanomaterials. 2023;13(3):540. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030540 Demchenko EA, Savenkova TV, Mizinchikova II. Effects of oils and fats on the quality characteristics, nutritional value, and storage capacity of cookies. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2021;51(4):674–689. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-4-674-689 Demchenko EA, Savenkova TV, Mizinchikova II. Effects of oils and fats on the quality characteristics, nutritional value, and storage capacity of cookies. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2021;51(4):674–689. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-4-674-689