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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Scientific Research and Development. Russian Journal of Project Management</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Scientific Research and Development. Russian Journal of Project Management</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Научные исследования и разработки. Российский журнал управления проектами</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2587-6279</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1423</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/2689</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Контроллинг и финансовый менеджмент проектов</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Controlling and financial management of projects</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Контроллинг и финансовый менеджмент проектов</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">How Often and Why There Is a Budget Overexpenditure in Large Infrastructure Projects</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Насколько часто и почему происходит перерасход бюджета в крупных инфраструктурных проектах</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Фролкина</surname>
       <given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Frolkina</surname>
       <given-names>Ekaterina Sergeevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>ekaterina.frolkina@gmail.com</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-03-10T00:00:00+04:00">
    <day>10</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2014</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-03-10T00:00:00+04:00">
    <day>10</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2014</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>3</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>3</fpage>
   <lpage>16</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/1423/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/1423/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Мы живем в эпоху крупных проектов. Еще никогда в истории человечества не осуществлялось столько масштабных, дорогих и трудозатратных проектов. Опыт осуществления инфраструктурных проектов в России и за рубежом показывает, что проблема перерасхода бюджета и срыва сроков в крупных инфраструктурных проектах актуальна до сих пор и остается нерешенной на протяжении нескольких десятков лет. В статье показано, что превышение финальной стоимости над сметной в крупных инфраструктурных проектах характерно для многих стран и для всех типов таких проектов. Оценки стоимости крупных проектов за последние 70 лет не становятся лучше.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>We are living in the epoch of large projects. Never before in mankind’s history&#13;
there have been so many large-scale, expensive and labor-intensive&#13;
projects. Implementation experience of infrastructure projects in Russia and&#13;
abroad shows that the problem of cost and schedule overrun in this kind of&#13;
projects is still topical and remains unsolved for the past decades. It has&#13;
been shown in this paper that the final cost overrun in large-scale infrastructure&#13;
projects is specific to many countries and all types of such projects.&#13;
Large projects’ cost estimations for the last 70 years don´t become better.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>управление проектами</kwd>
    <kwd>перерасход бюджета</kwd>
    <kwd>инфраструктурные проекты</kwd>
    <kwd>оценка стоимости</kwd>
    <kwd>мегапроекты.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>project management</kwd>
    <kwd>cost overrun</kwd>
    <kwd>infrastructure projects</kwd>
    <kwd>cost evaluation</kwd>
    <kwd>megaprojects.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p>ВведениеЗавершить проект в рамках бюджета и вовремя — мечта каждого руководителя проектов. Тем не менее проекты чаще всего завершаются с опозданием и большим перерасходом по стоимости. Исторически так сложилось, что инфраструктурные проекты всегда страдали от превышения стоимости и сроков.В большинстве случаев финальная стоимость проекта превышала оценки, подготовленные и официально озвученные на этапах первоначального планирования, предварительного проектирования, итогового дизайна и даже при начале строительства. С момента инициации проекта до завершения его строительства стоимость проекта может значительно измениться. Данный промежуток времени для крупных инфраструктурных проектов обычно длится несколько лет, а для технологически сложных достигает нескольких десятков лет.Команда крупного проекта сталкивается с серьезной проблемой управления стоимостью проекта на протяжении всей его длительности. Первоначальная оценка стоимости базируется на содержании проекта, экономических условиях, учитывает интересы общества. Такая оценка должна служить опорой для команды проекта, предотвращать рост стоимости в процессе проектирования. Проект может быть выполнен в рамках бюджета, для этого в числе прочего нужна хорошая предварительная оценка стоимости, понимание факторов, которые могут повлечь ее увеличение, и дисциплина в управлении проектами.В рамках статьи будут рассмотрены крупные инфраструктурные проекты следующих типов:автомагистрали;газопроводы и нефтепроводы;железные дороги;мосты и тоннели.Крупный проект как объект управленияПод термином «проект» мы понимаем целенаправленное и ограниченное во времени, бюджете и прочих ресурсах мероприятие, направленное на создание уникального продукта или услуги. Говоря о крупном проекте, необходимо отметить, что границы определения здесь достаточно размыты.</p>
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