Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2500-0535 18487 10.12737/stp-33201701 Results of current research Results of current research Results of current research Correlation of near-Earth proton enhancements >100 MeV with parameters of solar microwave bursts Correlation of near-Earth proton enhancements >100 MeV with parameters of solar microwave bursts https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-6336 Гречнев Виктор Васильевич Grechnev Victor Vasil'evich grechnev@iszf.irk.ru

доктор физико-математических наук;

doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Киселев Валентин Игоревич Kiselev Valentin Igorevich valentin_kiselev@iszf.irk.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6873-6394 Мешалкина Наталия Сергеевна Meshalkina Nataliya Sergeevna nata@iszf.irk.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Черток Илья Моисеевич Chertok Ilya Moiseevich ichertok@izmiran.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН Иркутск Россия Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS Irkutsk Russian Federation Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН Иркутск Россия Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics SB RAS Irkutsk Russian Federation Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН Иркутск Россия Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics SB RAS Irkutsk Russian Federation Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова РАН Троицк, Москва Россия Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation RAS Troitsk, Moscow Russian Federation 3 3 3 12 https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/18487/view

We analyze the relations between various combinations of peak fluxes and fluences of solar microwave bursts at 35 GHz recorded with the Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters during 1990–2015, and corresponding parameters of proton enhancements with E>100 MeV exceeding 0.1 pfu registered by GOES monitors in near-Earth environment. The highest correlation has been found between the microwave and proton fluences. This fact reflects a dependence of the total number of protons on the total duration of the acceleration process. In the events with strong flares, the correlation coefficients of proton fluences with microwave and soft X-ray fluences are higher than those with speeds of coronal mass ejections. The results indicate a statistically larger contribution of flare processes to acceleration of high-energy protons. Acceleration by shock waves seems to be less important at high energies in events associated with strong flares, although its contribution probably prevails in weaker events. The probability of a detectable proton enhancement was found to directly depend on the peak flux and duration of a microwave burst. This can be used for diagnostics of proton enhancements based on microwave observations.

We analyze the relations between various combinations of peak fluxes and fluences of solar microwave bursts at 35 GHz recorded with the Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters during 1990–2015, and corresponding parameters of proton enhancements with E>100 MeV exceeding 0.1 pfu registered by GOES monitors in near-Earth environment. The highest correlation has been found between the microwave and proton fluences. This fact reflects a dependence of the total number of protons on the total duration of the acceleration process. In the events with strong flares, the correlation coefficients of proton fluences with microwave and soft X-ray fluences are higher than those with speeds of coronal mass ejections. The results indicate a statistically larger contribution of flare processes to acceleration of high-energy protons. Acceleration by shock waves seems to be less important at high energies in events associated with strong flares, although its contribution probably prevails in weaker events. The probability of a detectable proton enhancement was found to directly depend on the peak flux and duration of a microwave burst. This can be used for diagnostics of proton enhancements based on microwave observations.

 proton events flares radio radiation proton events flares radio radiation

Akin’yan S.T., Fomichev V.V., Chertok I.M. Estimates of solar proton flux intensity from integral parameters of microwave radio bursts. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya [Geomagnetism and Aeronomy]. 1978, vol. 18, pp. 577-582. (In Russian). Akin’yan S.T., Fomichev V.V., Chertok I.M. Estimates of solar proton flux intensity from integral parameters of microwave radio bursts. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya [Geomagnetism and Aeronomy]. 1978, vol. 18, pp. 577-582. (In Russian). Aschwanden M.J. GeV particle acceleration in solar flares and ground level enhancement (GLE) events. Space Sci. Rev. 2012, vol. 171, iss. 1-4, pp. 3-21. DOI: 10.1007/s11214-011-9865-x. Aschwanden M.J. GeV particle acceleration in solar flares and ground level enhancement (GLE) events. Space Sci. Rev. 2012, vol. 171, iss. 1-4, pp. 3-21. DOI: 10.1007/s11214-011-9865-x. Bazilevskaya G.A. On the early phase of relativistic solar particle events: are there signatures of acceleration mechanism? Adv. Space Res. 2009, vol. 43, pp. 530-536. DOI: 10.1016/ j.asr.2008.08.005. Bazilevskaya G.A. On the early phase of relativistic solar particle events: are there signatures of acceleration mechanism? Adv. Space Res. 2009, vol. 43, pp. 530-536. DOI: 10.1016/ j.asr.2008.08.005. Belov A. Properties of solar X-ray flares and proton event forecasting. Adv. Space Res. 2009, vol. 43, iss. 4, pp. 467-473. DOI: 10.1016//j.asr.2008.08.011. Belov A. Properties of solar X-ray flares and proton event forecasting. Adv. Space Res. 2009, vol. 43, iss. 4, pp. 467-473. DOI: 10.1016//j.asr.2008.08.011. Chertok I.M. On the correlation between the solar gamma-ray line emission, radio bursts and proton fluxes in the interplanetary space. Astron. Nachr. 1990, vol. 311, pp. 379-381. DOI: 10.1002/asna.2113110618. Chertok I.M. On the correlation between the solar gamma-ray line emission, radio bursts and proton fluxes in the interplanetary space. Astron. Nachr. 1990, vol. 311, pp. 379-381. DOI: 10.1002/asna.2113110618. Chertok I.M. Post-eruption particle acceleration in the corona: a possible contribution to solar cosmic rays. 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference. 1995, vol. 4, p. 78. Chertok I.M. Post-eruption particle acceleration in the corona: a possible contribution to solar cosmic rays. 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference. 1995, vol. 4, p. 78. Chertok I.M., Grechnev V.V., Meshalkina N.S. On the relationship between spectra of solar and microwave bursts and near-Earth proton fluxes. Astronomy Reports. 2009, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1059-1069. Chertok I.M., Grechnev V.V., Meshalkina N.S. On the relationship between spectra of solar and microwave bursts and near-Earth proton fluxes. Astronomy Reports. 2009, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1059-1069. Cliver E.W., Forrest D.J., Cane H.V., et al. Solar flare nuclear gamma-rays and interplanetary proton events. Astrophys. J. 1989, vol. 343, pp. 953-970. DOI: 10.1086/167765. Cliver E.W., Forrest D.J., Cane H.V., et al. Solar flare nuclear gamma-rays and interplanetary proton events. Astrophys. J. 1989, vol. 343, pp. 953-970. DOI: 10.1086/167765. Croom D.L. Solar microwave bursts as indicators of the occurrence of solar proton emission. Solar Phys. 1971, vol. 19, pp. 152-170. DOI: 10.1007/BF00148831. Croom D.L. Solar microwave bursts as indicators of the occurrence of solar proton emission. Solar Phys. 1971, vol. 19, pp. 152-170. DOI: 10.1007/BF00148831. Daibog E.I., Kurt V.G., Logachev Yu.I., Stolpovsky V.G., Zenchenko V.N., Melnikov V.F. Yield of electrons generated in solar flares. Izvestiya AN SSSR. Seriya fizicheskaya [Bull. of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics]. 1987, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 1825-1827. (In Russian). Daibog E.I., Kurt V.G., Logachev Yu.I., Stolpovsky V.G., Zenchenko V.N., Melnikov V.F. Yield of electrons generated in solar flares. Izvestiya AN SSSR. Seriya fizicheskaya [Bull. of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics]. 1987, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 1825-1827. (In Russian). Daibog E.I., Melnikov V.F., Stolpovskii V.G. Solar energetic particle events from solar flares with weak impulsive phases of microwave emission. Solar Phys. 1993, vol. 144, pp. 361-372. DOI: 10.1007/BF00627600. Daibog E.I., Melnikov V.F., Stolpovskii V.G. Solar energetic particle events from solar flares with weak impulsive phases of microwave emission. Solar Phys. 1993, vol. 144, pp. 361-372. DOI: 10.1007/BF00627600. Desai M., Giacalone J. Large gradual solar energetic particle events. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 2016, vol. 13, pp. 3-132. DOI: 10.1007/s41116-016-0002-5. Desai M., Giacalone J. Large gradual solar energetic particle events. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 2016, vol. 13, pp. 3-132. DOI: 10.1007/s41116-016-0002-5. Dierckxsens M., Tziotziou K., Dalla S., et al. Relationship between solar energetic particles and properties of flares and CMEs: statistical analysis of solar cycle 23 events. Solar Phys. 2015, vol. 290, pp. 841-874. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-014-0641-4. Dierckxsens M., Tziotziou K., Dalla S., et al. Relationship between solar energetic particles and properties of flares and CMEs: statistical analysis of solar cycle 23 events. Solar Phys. 2015, vol. 290, pp. 841-874. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-014-0641-4. Gopalswamy N., Xie H., Akiyama S., et al. Major solar eruptions and high-energy particle events during solar cycle 24. Earth, Planets and Space. 2014, vol. 66, article id. 104, 15 p. DOI: 10.1186/1880-5981-66-104. Gopalswamy N., Xie H., Akiyama S., et al. Major solar eruptions and high-energy particle events during solar cycle 24. Earth, Planets and Space. 2014, vol. 66, article id. 104, 15 p. DOI: 10.1186/1880-5981-66-104. Gopalswamy N., Mäkelä P.A., Akiyama S., et al. Large solar energetic particle events associated with filament eruptions outside of active regions. Astrophys. J. 2015, vol. 806, iss. 1, article id. 8, 15 p. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/8. Gopalswamy N., Mäkelä P.A., Akiyama S., et al. Large solar energetic particle events associated with filament eruptions outside of active regions. Astrophys. J. 2015, vol. 806, iss. 1, article id. 8, 15 p. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/8. Grechnev V.V., Kurt V.G., Chertok I.M., Uralov A.M., Nakajima H., Altyntsev A.T., Belov A.V., Yushkov B.Yu, Kuznetsov S.N., Kashapova L.K., Meshalkina N.S., Prestage N.P. An extreme solar event of 20 January 2005: properties of the flare and the origin of energetic particles. Solar Phys. 2008, vol. 252, pp. 149-177. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-008-9245-1. Grechnev V.V., Kurt V.G., Chertok I.M., Uralov A.M., Nakajima H., Altyntsev A.T., Belov A.V., Yushkov B.Yu, Kuznetsov S.N., Kashapova L.K., Meshalkina N.S., Prestage N.P. An extreme solar event of 20 January 2005: properties of the flare and the origin of energetic particles. Solar Phys. 2008, vol. 252, pp. 149-177. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-008-9245-1. Grechnev V.V., Kiselev V.I., Uralov A.M., et al. An updated view of solar eruptive flares and the development of shocks and CMEs: history of the 2006 December 13 GLE-productive extreme event. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 2013a, vol. 65, SP1, S9. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/65.sp1.S9. Grechnev V.V., Kiselev V.I., Uralov A.M., et al. An updated view of solar eruptive flares and the development of shocks and CMEs: history of the 2006 December 13 GLE-productive extreme event. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 2013a, vol. 65, SP1, S9. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/65.sp1.S9. Grechnev V.V., Meshalkina N.S., Chertok I.M., Kiselev V.I. Relations between strong high-frequency microwave bursts and proton events. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 2013b, vol. 65, SP1, S4. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/65.sp1.S4. Grechnev V.V., Meshalkina N.S., Chertok I.M., Kiselev V.I. Relations between strong high-frequency microwave bursts and proton events. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 2013b, vol. 65, SP1, S4. DOI: 10.1093/pasj/65.sp1.S4. Grechnev V.V., Kiselev V.I., Meshalkina N.S., Chertok I.M. Relations between microwave bursts and near-Earth high-energy proton enhancements and their origin. Solar Phys. 2015a, vol. 290, iss. 10, pp. 2827-2855. DOI 10.1007/s11207-015-0797-6. Grechnev V.V., Kiselev V.I., Meshalkina N.S., Chertok I.M. Relations between microwave bursts and near-Earth high-energy proton enhancements and their origin. Solar Phys. 2015a, vol. 290, iss. 10, pp. 2827-2855. DOI 10.1007/s11207-015-0797-6. Grechnev V.V., Uralov A.M., Kuzmenko I.V., Kochanov A.A., Chertok I.M., Kalashnikov S.S. Responsibility of a filament eruption for the initiation of a flare, CME, and blast wave, and its possible transformation into a bow shock. Solar Phys. 2015b, vol. 290, iss. 1, pp. 129-158. DOI: 10.1007/s 11207-014-0621-8. Grechnev V.V., Uralov A.M., Kuzmenko I.V., Kochanov A.A., Chertok I.M., Kalashnikov S.S. Responsibility of a filament eruption for the initiation of a flare, CME, and blast wave, and its possible transformation into a bow shock. Solar Phys. 2015b, vol. 290, iss. 1, pp. 129-158. DOI: 10.1007/s 11207-014-0621-8. Grechnev V.V., Uralov A.M., Kiselev V.I., Kochanov A.A. The 26 December 2001 solar eruptive event responsible for GLE63. II. Multi-loop structure of microwave sources in a major long-duration flare. Solar Phys. 2017, vol. 292, iss. 1, article id. 3, 27 p. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-016-1025-8. Grechnev V.V., Uralov A.M., Kiselev V.I., Kochanov A.A. The 26 December 2001 solar eruptive event responsible for GLE63. II. Multi-loop structure of microwave sources in a major long-duration flare. Solar Phys. 2017, vol. 292, iss. 1, article id. 3, 27 p. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-016-1025-8. Isaeva E.A., Melnikov V.F., Tsvetkov L.I. Dependence of the SCR proton flux estimate on radio burst parameters. Bull. Crimean Astrophys. Obs. 2010, vol. 106, pp. 26-30. DOI: 10.3103/S0190271710010043. Isaeva E.A., Melnikov V.F., Tsvetkov L.I. Dependence of the SCR proton flux estimate on radio burst parameters. Bull. Crimean Astrophys. Obs. 2010, vol. 106, pp. 26-30. DOI: 10.3103/S0190271710010043. Kahler S.W. The role of the big flare syndrome in correlations of solar energetic proton fluxes and associated microwave burst parameters. J. Geophys. Res. 1982, vol. 87, pp. 3439-3448. DOI: 10.1029/JA087iA05p03439. Kahler S.W. The role of the big flare syndrome in correlations of solar energetic proton fluxes and associated microwave burst parameters. J. Geophys. Res. 1982, vol. 87, pp. 3439-3448. DOI: 10.1029/JA087iA05p03439. Kallenrode M.-B. Current views on impulsive and gradual solar energetic particle events. J. Phys. G. 2003, vol. 29, iss. 5, pp. 965-981. Kallenrode M.-B. Current views on impulsive and gradual solar energetic particle events. J. Phys. G. 2003, vol. 29, iss. 5, pp. 965-981. Klein K.-L., Chupp E.L., Trottet G., Magun A., Dunphy P.P., Rieger E., Urpo S. Flare-associated energetic particles in the corona and at 1 AU. Astron. Astrophys. 1999, vol. 348, pp. 271-285. Klein K.-L., Chupp E.L., Trottet G., Magun A., Dunphy P.P., Rieger E., Urpo S. Flare-associated energetic particles in the corona and at 1 AU. Astron. Astrophys. 1999, vol. 348, pp. 271-285. Klein K.-L., Masson S., Bouratzis C., et al. The relativistic solar particle event of 2005 January 20: origin of delayed particle acceleration. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, vol. 572, id. A4, 8 p. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423783. Klein K.-L., Masson S., Bouratzis C., et al. The relativistic solar particle event of 2005 January 20: origin of delayed particle acceleration. Astron. Astrophys. 2014, vol. 572, id. A4, 8 p. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423783. Lario D., Aran A., Decker R.B. Major solar energetic particle events of solar cycles 22 and 23: intensities close to the streaming limit. Solar Phys. 2009, vol. 260, iss. 2, pp. 407-421. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-009-9463-1. Lario D., Aran A., Decker R.B. Major solar energetic particle events of solar cycles 22 and 23: intensities close to the streaming limit. Solar Phys. 2009, vol. 260, iss. 2, pp. 407-421. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-009-9463-1. Lario D., Aran A., Gómez-Herrero R., et al. Longitudinal and radial dependence of solar energetic particle peak intensities: STEREO, ACE, SOHO, GOES, and MESSENGER observations. Astrophys. J. 2013, vol. 767, pp. 41-59. DOI: 10.1088/ 0004-637X/767/1/41. Lario D., Aran A., Gómez-Herrero R., et al. Longitudinal and radial dependence of solar energetic particle peak intensities: STEREO, ACE, SOHO, GOES, and MESSENGER observations. Astrophys. J. 2013, vol. 767, pp. 41-59. DOI: 10.1088/ 0004-637X/767/1/41. Livshits M.A., Belov A.V. When and where are solar cosmic rays accelerated most efficiently? Astron. Rep. 2004, vol. 48, pp. 665-677. DOI: 10.1134/1.1787069. Livshits M.A., Belov A.V. When and where are solar cosmic rays accelerated most efficiently? Astron. Rep. 2004, vol. 48, pp. 665-677. DOI: 10.1134/1.1787069. Logachev Yu.I., Bazilevskaya G.A., Vashenyuk E.V., et al. Catalogue of Solar Proton Events in the 23rd Cycle of Solar Activity (1996-2008). Moscow, Geophysical Center RAS Publ., 2016, 740 p. DOI: 10.2205/ ESDB-SAD-P-001. Logachev Yu.I., Bazilevskaya G.A., Vashenyuk E.V., et al. Catalogue of Solar Proton Events in the 23rd Cycle of Solar Activity (1996-2008). Moscow, Geophysical Center RAS Publ., 2016, 740 p. DOI: 10.2205/ ESDB-SAD-P-001. Melnikov V.F., Podstrigach T.S., Dajbog E.I., Stolpovskij V.G. Nature of the relationship between the fluxes of solar cosmic ray electrons and protons and the parameters of microwave bursts. Cosm. Res. 1991, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 87-94. Melnikov V.F., Podstrigach T.S., Dajbog E.I., Stolpovskij V.G. Nature of the relationship between the fluxes of solar cosmic ray electrons and protons and the parameters of microwave bursts. Cosm. Res. 1991, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 87-94. Miroshnichenko L.I., Vashenyuk E.V., Perez-Péraza J. Solar cosmic rays: 70 years of ground-based observation. Geomagnetizm i aeronomiya [Geomagnetism and Aeronomy]. 2013, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 579-600. DOI: 10.7868/S00167 9401305012X. (In Russian). Miroshnichenko L.I., Vashenyuk E.V., Perez-Péraza J. Solar cosmic rays: 70 years of ground-based observation. Geomagnetizm i aeronomiya [Geomagnetism and Aeronomy]. 2013, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 579-600. DOI: 10.7868/S00167 9401305012X. (In Russian). Nakajima H., Sekiguchi H., Sawa M., et al. The radiometer and polarimeters at 80, 35, and 17 GHz for solar observations at Nobeyama. Publ. Astron. Soc. of Japan. 1985, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 163-170. Nakajima H., Sekiguchi H., Sawa M., et al. The radiometer and polarimeters at 80, 35, and 17 GHz for solar observations at Nobeyama. Publ. Astron. Soc. of Japan. 1985, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 163-170. Reames D.V. Solar release times of energetic particles in ground-level events. Astrophys. J. 2009, vol. 693, pp. 812-821. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/812. Reames D.V. Solar release times of energetic particles in ground-level events. Astrophys. J. 2009, vol. 693, pp. 812-821. DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/812. Reames D.V. The two sources of solar energetic particles. Space Sci. Rev. 2013, vol. 175, iss. 1-4, pp. 53-92. DOI: 10.1007/ s11214-013-9958-9. Reames D.V. The two sources of solar energetic particles. Space Sci. Rev. 2013, vol. 175, iss. 1-4, pp. 53-92. DOI: 10.1007/ s11214-013-9958-9. Sladkova A.I., Bazilevskaya G.A., Ishkov V.N., et al. Catalogue of Solar Proton Events 1987-1996. Moscow, Moscow University Press, 1998, 247 p. Sladkova A.I., Bazilevskaya G.A., Ishkov V.N., et al. Catalogue of Solar Proton Events 1987-1996. Moscow, Moscow University Press, 1998, 247 p. Trottet G. E., Samwel S., Klein K.-L., et al. Statistical evidence for contributions of flares and coronal mass ejections to major solar energetic particle events. Solar Phys. 2015, vol. 290, iss. 3, pp. 819-839. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-014-0628-1. Trottet G. E., Samwel S., Klein K.-L., et al. Statistical evidence for contributions of flares and coronal mass ejections to major solar energetic particle events. Solar Phys. 2015, vol. 290, iss. 3, pp. 819-839. DOI: 10.1007/s11207-014-0628-1. Veselovsky I.S., Panasyuk M.I., Avdyushin S.I., Bazilevskaya G.A. Solar and heliospheric events in October-November 2003: causes and effects. Kosmicheskie issledovaniya [Cosmic Research]. 2004, vol. 42, pp. 435-488. DOI: 10.1023/B: COSM.0000046229.24716.02. (In Russian). Veselovsky I.S., Panasyuk M.I., Avdyushin S.I., Bazilevskaya G.A. Solar and heliospheric events in October-November 2003: causes and effects. Kosmicheskie issledovaniya [Cosmic Research]. 2004, vol. 42, pp. 435-488. DOI: 10.1023/B: COSM.0000046229.24716.02. (In Russian). Veselovsky I.S., Myagkova I.N., Yakovchuk O.S. Dynamics of energetic spectra of solar proton events in 23 solar cycle. Astronomicheskii vestnik [Astron. Bull.]. 2012, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 235-258. DOI: 10.1134/S0038094612030033. (In Russian). Veselovsky I.S., Myagkova I.N., Yakovchuk O.S. Dynamics of energetic spectra of solar proton events in 23 solar cycle. Astronomicheskii vestnik [Astron. Bull.]. 2012, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 235-258. DOI: 10.1134/S0038094612030033. (In Russian). URL: http://solar.nro.nao.ac.jp/norp/html/event (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://solar.nro.nao.ac.jp/norp/html/event (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: ftp://ftp.swpc.noaa.gov/pub/warehouse (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: ftp://ftp.swpc.noaa.gov/pub/warehouse (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://www.wdcb.ru/stp/data/SPE (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://www.wdcb.ru/stp/data/SPE (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://solar.nro.nao.ac.jp/norh (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://solar.nro.nao.ac.jp/norh (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/daily_mpg (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/daily_mpg (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/stereo/daily_movies (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/stereo/daily_movies (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/aiahmi (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/aiahmi (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://iszf.irk.ru/~grechnev/papers/protons_microwaves/Table.htm (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://iszf.irk.ru/~grechnev/papers/protons_microwaves/Table.htm (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: ftp://solar-pub.nao.ac.jp/pub/nsro/norp/xdr (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: ftp://solar-pub.nao.ac.jp/pub/nsro/norp/xdr (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://satdat.ngdc.noaa.gov/sem/goes/data/new_avg (accessed March 10, 2017). URL: http://satdat.ngdc.noaa.gov/sem/goes/data/new_avg (accessed March 10, 2017).