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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">29421</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/article_5d1b46c9133942.84705406</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Радиационная физика, техника и дозиметрия</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Radiation physics, technology and dosimetry</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Радиационная физика, техника и дозиметрия</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Uncertainty of Measurement Absorbed Dose by GAFCHROMIC EBT3 Dosimeter for Clinical Electron and Photon Beams of Medical Accelerators</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Неопределенности поглощенной дозы, измеренной дозиметром GAFCHROMIC EBT3 на клинических электронных и фотонных пучках медицинских ускорителей</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сухих</surname>
       <given-names>Е. С.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sukhikh</surname>
       <given-names>E. S.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сухих</surname>
       <given-names>Л. Г.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sukhikh</surname>
       <given-names>L. G</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Маликов</surname>
       <given-names>Е. Л.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Malikov</surname>
       <given-names>E. L.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ижевский</surname>
       <given-names>П. В.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Izhevsky</surname>
       <given-names>P. V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат медицинских наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of medical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Шейно</surname>
       <given-names>И. Н.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sheino</surname>
       <given-names>I. N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Вертинский</surname>
       <given-names>А. В.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Vertinsky</surname>
       <given-names>A. V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Баулин</surname>
       <given-names>А. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Baulin</surname>
       <given-names>A. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-10"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Томский областной онкологический диспансер</institution>
     <city>Томск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Tomsk Regional Oncology Center</institution>
     <city>Tomsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет, Томск</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет</institution>
     <city>Томск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University</institution>
     <city>Tomsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет</institution>
     <city>Томск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University</institution>
     <city>Tomsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-7">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Томский областной онкологический диспансер</institution>
     <city>Томск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Tomsk Regional Oncology Centre</institution>
     <city>Tomsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-8">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-9">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Центр высокоточной радиологии &quot;GAMMA CLINIC&quot;</institution>
     <city>Томск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Gamma Clinic High-Precision Radiology Centre</institution>
     <city>Tomsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-10">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет</institution>
     <city>Томск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University</institution>
     <city>Tomsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>64</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>56</fpage>
   <lpage>63</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/29421/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/29421/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Исследовать величины относительных неопределенностей в измерении поглощенной дозы с помощью радиохромных полимерных пленок Gafchromic EBT3 для клинических электронных и фотонных пучков медицинских ускорителей.&#13;
Материал и методы: Полимерные пленки Gafchromic EBT3 калибровались на фотонном и электронном пучках медицинского ускорителя Elekta Axesse с энергией 10 МВ и 10 МэВ соответственно, а также на электронном пучке бетатрона для интраоперационной лучевой терапии с энергией пучка 6 МэВ. Пленки облучались в однородном дозном поле в диапазоне доз от 0,5 до 40 Гр. Величина поглощенной дозы в процессе калибровки контролировалась цилиндрической ионизационной камерой на линейном ускорителе Elekta Axesse и с помощью плоскопараллельной ионизационной камеры типа Markus на бетатроне. Облученные пленки сканировались с помощью планшетного сканера Epson Perfection V750 Pro с глубиной цвета 16 бит на канал (цветовая модель RGB) при пространственном разрешении 150 точек на дюйм (dpi). Для дальнейшего анализа использовались только красный и зеленый цветовые каналы. Для расчета средней величины чистой оптической плотности и ее среднеквадратичного отклонения исследовалась центральная часть каждой из пленок. При построении калибровочной кривой пленки, т.е. зависимости референсной поглощенной дозы, измеренной ионизационной камерой, от чистой оптической плотности, использовались неопределенности измеренной дозы и оптической плотности.&#13;
Результаты: Относительная неопределенность измеренной с помощью пленки дозы лежит в пределах 7 % для низких значений доз (менее 1 Гр) и в пределах 4 % для высоких значений доз. Зеленый канал цветности оказался менее чувствительным к ионизирующему излучению, однако величина относительной неопределенности оказалось в среднем на 1–2 % ниже, чем у красного канала. Использование разных источников излучения для калибровки привело к разным калибровочным кривым с разницей до ± 6 % (для зеленого канала).&#13;
Заключение: Полимерные пленки Gafchromic EBT3 могут быть использованы для измерения значений поглощенной дозы не менее 0,5 Гр. Для более низких значений дозы неопределенность измеренных значений, обусловленная статистическими причинами, составляет более 15 %. При значениях дозы порядка 1 Гр и более, неопределенность измерений дозы составляет 5 %, что позволяет использовать пленки для измерения поперечного и продольного распределения дозы с очень высоким пространственным разрешением.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: Investigation of the relative errors of absorbed dose measurement based on polymer films Gafchromic EBT3 for clinical electron and photon beams of medical accelerators.&#13;
Material and methods: Polymer Gafchromic EBT3 films were calibrated using different radiation beams, namely photon and electron beams of Elekta Axesse medical accelerator with beam energy equal to 10 MV and 10 MeV, correspondingly, and electron beam of a betatron for intraoperative radiotherapy with beam energy equal to 6 MeV. The film pieces were irradiated by the uniform dose field in the dose range from 0.5 to 40 Gy. The dose value was controlled by cylindrical ionization chamber in the case of Elekta Axesse accelerator and by the Markus parallel chamber in the case of betatron. The irradiated films were scanned using Epson Perfection V750 Pro flatbed scanner in 16 bit RGB color mode with 150 dpi resolution. The red and green channels were used for further analysis. The central part of each film was used for calculation of average values of net optical density and its root-mean-square. As a result, the calibration curves, i.e. dependence on the reference absorbed dose measured by ionization chamber on the net optical density were constructed taking into account uncertainties of dose measurement and optical density measurement.&#13;
Results: The relative uncertainty for the dose measurement lies within 7 % for low doses (less than 1 Gy) and within 4 % for higher doses. The green channel is less sensitive to the radiation, but its relative uncertainty values are in general 1–2 % lower than the ones for the red channel. The use of different calibration sources results in different calibration curves with difference up to ±6 % for the green channel.&#13;
Conclusion: The polymer Gafchromic EBT3 films could be used for absorbed dose measurement for the doses not less than 0.5 Gy. For lower dose values the dose measurement uncertainty caused by statistical reasons amounts 15 %. For dose values of about 1 Gy and higher the dose measurement uncertainty amounts 5 % that allows to use the films for transverse and longitudinal prescription treatment dose distribution measurement with very high spatial resolution.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>лучевая терапия</kwd>
    <kwd>пленки Gafchromic EBT3</kwd>
    <kwd>клиническая дозиметрия</kwd>
    <kwd>медицинские ускорители</kwd>
    <kwd>погло­щенная доза</kwd>
    <kwd>неопределенности</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>radiation therapy</kwd>
    <kwd>Gafchromic EBT3 film</kwd>
    <kwd>clinical dosimetry</kwd>
    <kwd>medical accelerators</kwd>
    <kwd>absorbed dose</kwd>
    <kwd>uncertainties</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p>IntroductionRadiation therapy is widely used for treatment of malignant tumors all over the world. The development of radiation therapy is based on the development of dose delivery techniques that include Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy. These techniques allow high-quality dose delivery that results in possibility to carry out hypofractionated radiation therapy. This fractionation type is effective for example in the cases of prostate carcinomas [1] or lung cancer [2]. IMRT and VMAT techniques are also effective in the case of irradiation of brain [3] or liver metastases [2]. Each dosimetric treatment plan which use high gradient dose fields should be verified before implementation and patient treatment. One of the widely used ways to check the treatment plan quality is based on the using of radiochromic polymer films that have the best spatial resolution among all dosimeters used in the medical physics. The typical spatial resolution of the polymer films is about 0.1 mm. That is why radiochromic dosimetric films are widely used in clinical dosimetry of photon, electron and proton beams mainly for obtaining of dose spatial distributions of a radiotherapy device. Such films are not exposed by the visible light that makes them more reliable in routine operation. In 2011 third generation of radiochromic film GAFCHROMIC EBT3 was presented. The film is a tissue-equivalent dosimeter with the dose measurement range 0.1–20 Gy according to the manufacture specification [4]. The film has low energy dependence and could be used for dosimetry of both electron and photon beams. </p>
 </body>
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