<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">44615</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-2-59-66</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Радиационная эпидемиология</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Radiation epidemiology</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Радиационная эпидемиология</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Radiation Risk Assessment in Patients for Chest CT Diagnostics of COVID-19</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>ОЦЕНКА РАДИАЦИОННОГО РИСКА ДЛЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ  ПРИ КТ-ДИАГНОСТИКЕ COVID-19 ОРГАНОВ ГРУДНОЙ КЛЕТКИ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Маткевич</surname>
       <given-names>Е. И.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Matkevich</surname>
       <given-names>E. I.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат медицинских наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of medical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова,</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>66</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>59</fpage>
   <lpage>66</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-06-23T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>23</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/44615/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/44615/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Оценить эффективные дозы облучения пациентов при рентгеновской КТ органов грудной клетки при диагностике COVID-19 и рассчитать радиационный риск последствий этого воздействия.&#13;
Материал и методы: Проанализировали результаты 1003 КТ-исследований органов грудной клетки, проведенных у пациентов (6,2 % – дети 12–14 лет, 15,3 % – подростки 15–19 лет, 60,1 % – взрослые 20–64 года, 18,4% – пожилые люди 65 лет и старше) с подозрением на COVID-19 в течение одной недели октября 2020 г. в городском диагностическом центре. В каждой группе рассчитывалась средняя эффективная доза (ЭД, мЗв).&#13;
Результаты: Средние значения ЭД и доверительные интервалы (p = 0,05) для пациентов с КТ составили: у детей 2,59 ± 0,19 мЗв, у подростков 3,23 ± 0,17 мЗв, у взрослых 3,43 ± 0,08 мЗв, у пожилых людей 3,28 ± 0,19 мЗв. Максимальные показатели радиационного риска наблюдались в группах детей (24,1 × 10-5) и подростков (23,3 × 10-5). Для взрослых пациентов средний риск составлял 14,4 × 10-5. В группах женщин радиационный риск был в 1,3–2,3 раза выше, чем у пациентов мужского пола. Значения риска у детей, подростков и взрослых находятся в диапазоне 10 × 10-5 –100 × 10-5 (низкий), для пациентов старшего возраста – &#13;
2,6 × 10-5 (очень низкий).&#13;
Заключение: Установлены эффективные дозы облучения для КТ органов грудной клетки пациентов с диагнозом COVID-19 и рассчитан радиационный риск для 1–3-кратной КТ органов грудной клетки в зависимости от возраста и пола пациентов. Было обнаружено, что радиационный риск для одно-, двух- и трехкратной КТ органов грудной клетки для пациентов до 65 лет – низкий, от 65 лет и старше – очень низкий. Учет радиационного риска при КТ необходим для снижения отдаленных последствий радиационного воздействия на население.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: To assess effective radiation doses for chest CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and calculate the radiation risk of the effects of this exposure.&#13;
Material and methods: We analyzed the results of 1003 CT examinations of the chest performed in patients (6.2 %‒children 12–14 years, 15.3 %‒adolescents 15–19 years, 60.1 %‒adults 20–64 years, 18.4 %‒older persons 65 years and older) with suspected COVID-19 during one week in October 2020 in the city diagnostic center. In each group, the average effective dose (ED, mSv) was calculated.&#13;
Results: The average ED values and confidence intervals (P=0.05) for patients with a single CT scan were: in children 2.59±0.19 mSv, in adolescents 3.23±0.17 mSv, in adults 3.43±0.08 mSv, in older persons 3.28±0.19 mSv. The maximum radiation risk indicators were observed in groups of children (24.1×10-5) and adolescents (23.3×10-5). For adult patients the means risk was 14.4×10-5. In groups of women radiation risk was 1.3–2.3 twice as high, as in male patients. The risk values in children, adolescents and adults are in the range 10×10-5 – 100×10-5 (low), for the older patients were 2.6×10-5 (very low). &#13;
Conclusion: Because of the study established effective radiation doses for chest CT of patients with the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the radiation risk for 1-3 times chest CT by age and sex of patients was calculated. It was found that the radiation risk for single, double and triple chest CT for patients under 65 is low, 65 and older is very low. Taking into account the radiation risk during CT is necessary to reduce the long-term consequences of radiation exposure on the population.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>рентгеновская компьютерная томография</kwd>
    <kwd>органы грудной клетки</kwd>
    <kwd>эффективная доза</kwd>
    <kwd>уровни радиационного риска</kwd>
    <kwd>пол</kwd>
    <kwd>возраст</kwd>
    <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>X-ray computed tomography</kwd>
    <kwd>effective dose</kwd>
    <kwd>radiation risks levels</kwd>
    <kwd>sex</kwd>
    <kwd>age</kwd>
    <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О состоянии санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в Российской Федерации в 2019 году: Государственный доклад.  М.: Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, 2020. 113 c.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O sostoyanii sanitarno-epidemiologicheskogo blagopoluchiya naseleniya v Rossiyskoy Federacii v 2019 godu: Gosudarstvennyy doklad.  M.: Federal'naya sluzhba po nadzoru v sfere zaschity prav potrebiteley i blagopoluchiya cheloveka, 2020. 113 c.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демин В.Ф., Бирюков А.П., Седанкин М.К., Соловьев В.Ю. Удельный риск радиогенного рака у профессионалов // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2020. Т. 65, №2. С.17-20. DOI:10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-2-17-20.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demin V.F., Biryukov A.P., Sedankin M.K., Solov'ev V.Yu. Udel'nyy risk radiogennogo raka u professionalov // Medicinskaya radiologiya i radiacionnaya bezopasnost'. 2020. T. 65, №2. S.17-20. DOI:10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-2-17-20.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linet MS, Slovis ThL, Miller DL, Kleinerman R, Lee Ch, Rajaraman P, et al. Cancer Risks Associated with External Radiation from Diagnostic Imaging Procedures. СA // Cancer J Clin 2012. V.62,  No.2. P. 5-100. DOI:10.3322/caac.21132.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linet MS, Slovis ThL, Miller DL, Kleinerman R, Lee Ch, Rajaraman P, et al. Cancer Risks Associated with External Radiation from Diagnostic Imaging Procedures. SA // Cancer J Clin 2012. V.62,  No.2. P. 5-100. DOI:10.3322/caac.21132.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, et al. Radiation Dose Associated with Common Computed Tomography Examinations and the Associated Lifetime attributable Risk of Cancer // Arch Intern Med. 2009. V.169. No.22. P.2078-86. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.427.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, et al. Radiation Dose Associated with Common Computed Tomography Examinations and the Associated Lifetime attributable Risk of Cancer // Arch Intern Med. 2009. V.169. No.22. P.2078-86. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.427.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, et al. Cancer Risk in 680000 People Exposed to Computed Tomography Scans in Childhood or Adolescence: Data linkage study of 11 Million Australians  //  BMJ. 2013. V.346, P.2360-2378. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f2360.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, et al. Cancer Risk in 680000 People Exposed to Computed Tomography Scans in Childhood or Adolescence: Data linkage study of 11 Million Australians  //  BMJ. 2013. V.346, P.2360-2378. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f2360.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall EJ, Brenner DJ. Cancer Risks from Diagnostic radiology // Br J Radiol. 2008. V.81, No. 965. P.362-78,  DOI:10.1259/bjr /01948454.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall EJ, Brenner DJ. Cancer Risks from Diagnostic radiology // Br J Radiol. 2008. V.81, No. 965. P.362-78,  DOI:10.1259/bjr /01948454.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hendee WR, O’Connor MK, Radiation Risks of Medical Imaging: Separating Fact from Fantasy // Radiology. 2012. V.264, No.2. P. 312-21.  DOI:10.1148/radiol.12112678.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hendee WR, O’Connor MK, Radiation Risks of Medical Imaging: Separating Fact from Fantasy // Radiology. 2012. V.264, No.2. P. 312-21.  DOI:10.1148/radiol.12112678.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardis E, Howe G, Ron E, et al. // Cancer consequences of the Chernobyl Accident: 20 years on // J Radiol Prot. 2006. V.26, No.2. P.127-40. DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/26/2/001. PMID: 16738412.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardis E, Howe G, Ron E, et al. // Cancer consequences of the Chernobyl Accident: 20 years on // J Radiol Prot. 2006. V.26, No.2. P.127-40. DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/26/2/001. PMID: 16738412.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galle P. The Sievert: an Enigmatic Unit. // Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 2001. V.47, No.3. P.565-7. PMID: 11441965.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galle P. The Sievert: an Enigmatic Unit. // Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 2001. V.47, No.3. P.565-7. PMID: 11441965.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические указания МУК 2.6.7.3652-20. Методы контроля в КТ-диагностике для оптимизации радиационной защиты. М., 2020.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metodicheskie ukazaniya MUK 2.6.7.3652-20. Metody kontrolya v KT-diagnostike dlya optimizacii radiacionnoy zaschity. M., 2020.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические указания МУ 2.6.1.3584-19. Изменения в МУ 2.6.1.2944-11 Контроль эффективных доз облучения пациентов при проведении медицинских рентгенологических исследований. М., 2011.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metodicheskie ukazaniya MU 2.6.1.3584-19. Izmeneniya v MU 2.6.1.2944-11 Kontrol' effektivnyh doz oblucheniya pacientov pri provedenii medicinskih rentgenologicheskih issledovaniy. M., 2011.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические рекомендации МР 2.6.1.0215-20. Оценка радиационного риска у пациентов при проведении рентгенорадиологических исследований.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metodicheskie rekomendacii MR 2.6.1.0215-20. Ocenka radiacionnogo riska u pacientov pri provedenii rentgenoradiologicheskih issledovaniy.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103 // Ann. ICRP 2007. V.332, No.37.P.2-4. Available at: https:// www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103 (Accessed March 10, 2021).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103 // Ann. ICRP 2007. V.332, No.37.P.2-4. Available at: https:// www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103 (Accessed March 10, 2021).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ICRP, 1991. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60 // Ann. ICRP 21. 1991. V.1-3, P.1-211. Available at: http://www.icrp .org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2060 (Accessed  March 10, 2021).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICRP, 1991. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60 // Ann. ICRP 21. 1991. V.1-3, P.1-211. Available at: http://www.icrp .org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2060 (Accessed  March 10, 2021).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Damilakis J, Frija G, Hierath M, et al. European Study on Clinical Diagnostic Reference Levels for X-ray Medical Imaging. Deliverable 2.1: Report and Review on Existing Clinical DRLs. March 2018. Available at: http://www.eurosafeimaging. org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/D2.1_Report-and-review-on-existing-clinical-DRLs_final_published-on-website.pdf. (Accessed March 10, 2021).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Damilakis J, Frija G, Hierath M, et al. European Study on Clinical Diagnostic Reference Levels for X-ray Medical Imaging. Deliverable 2.1: Report and Review on Existing Clinical DRLs. March 2018. Available at: http://www.eurosafeimaging. org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/D2.1_Report-and-review-on-existing-clinical-DRLs_final_published-on-website.pdf. (Accessed March 10, 2021).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molen AJ, Schilham A, Stoop P, et al. A National Survey on Radiation Dose in CT in The Netherlands // Insights Imaging. 2013. V.4, No.3. P.383-90. DOI: 10.1007/s13244-013-0253-9.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molen AJ, Schilham A, Stoop P, et al. A National Survey on Radiation Dose in CT in The Netherlands // Insights Imaging. 2013. V.4, No.3. P.383-90. DOI: 10.1007/s13244-013-0253-9.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bekanntmachung der Aktualisierten Diagnostischen Referenzwerte. Bekanntmachung der Aktualisierten Diagnostischen Referenzwerte für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Röntgen- untersuchungen. Tabelle 7: Diagnostische Referenzwerte für Computertomographie (CT)-Untersuchungen am Erwachsenen 22 Juni 2016. Available at:  https://www.bfs.de/DE/themen/ion/ anwendung-medizin/diagnostik/referenzwerte/ referenzwerte_ node.html. (Accessed 10 March 2021).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bekanntmachung der Aktualisierten Diagnostischen Referenzwerte. Bekanntmachung der Aktualisierten Diagnostischen Referenzwerte für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Röntgen- untersuchungen. Tabelle 7: Diagnostische Referenzwerte für Computertomographie (CT)-Untersuchungen am Erwachsenen 22 Juni 2016. Available at:  https://www.bfs.de/DE/themen/ion/ anwendung-medizin/diagnostik/referenzwerte/ referenzwerte_ node.html. (Accessed 10 March 2021).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shrimpton PC, Hillier MC, Lewis MA, Dunn M. National Survey of Doses from CT in the UK: 2003 // Br J Radiol. 2006. V.79, No.948. P. 968-80. DOI:10.1259/bjr/93277434.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shrimpton PC, Hillier MC, Lewis MA, Dunn M. National Survey of Doses from CT in the UK: 2003 // Br J Radiol. 2006. V.79, No.948. P. 968-80. DOI:10.1259/bjr/93277434.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brat H, Zanca F, Montandon S, et al. Local Clinical Diagnostic Reference Levels for Chest and Abdomen CT Examinations in Adults as a Function of Body Mass Index and Clinical Indication: a Prospective Multicenter Study // Eur Radiol. 2019. V.29, P.6794-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06257-x</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brat H, Zanca F, Montandon S, et al. Local Clinical Diagnostic Reference Levels for Chest and Abdomen CT Examinations in Adults as a Function of Body Mass Index and Clinical Indication: a Prospective Multicenter Study // Eur Radiol. 2019. V.29, P.6794-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06257-x</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маткевич Е.И., Синицын В.Е., Башков А.Н. Сравнение доз облучения пациентов при проведении однофазной и многофазной компьютерной томографии в многопрофильном лечебном учреждении  // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2016. Т.61, № 6. С.50-56.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matkevich E.I., Sinicyn V.E., Bashkov A.N. Sravnenie doz oblucheniya pacientov pri provedenii odnofaznoy i mnogofaznoy komp'yuternoy tomografii v mnogoprofil'nom lechebnom uchrezhdenii  // Medicinskaya radiologiya i radiacionnaya bezopasnost'. 2016. T.61, № 6. S.50-56.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маткевич Е.И., Синицын В.Е., Зеликман М.И. и др. Основные направления снижения дозы облучения пациентов при компьютерной томографии // Russian Electronic Journal of Radiology (REJR). 2018. Т.8, №3. С.60-73. DOI:10.21569/2222-7415-2018-8-3-60-73</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matkevich E.I., Sinicyn V.E., Zelikman M.I. i dr. Osnovnye napravleniya snizheniya dozy oblucheniya pacientov pri komp'yuternoy tomografii // Russian Electronic Journal of Radiology (REJR). 2018. T.8, №3. S.60-73. DOI:10.21569/2222-7415-2018-8-3-60-73</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Ю.Г. Радиационная безопасность космических полетов. М.: Атомиздат, 1975. С.40-44.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigor'ev Yu.G. Radiacionnaya bezopasnost' kosmicheskih poletov. M.: Atomizdat, 1975. S.40-44.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsalafoutas IA, Koukourakis GV. Patient Dose Considerations in Computed Tomography Examinations // World J. Radiol. 2010. V.2, No7. P.262-8.  DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v2.i7.262.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsalafoutas IA, Koukourakis GV. Patient Dose Considerations in Computed Tomography Examinations // World J. Radiol. 2010. V.2, No7. P.262-8.  DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v2.i7.262.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kopp M, Loewe T, Wuest W, et al. Individual Calculation of Effective Dose and Risk of malignancy based on Monte Carlo simulations after whole body Computed tomography // Scientific Reports. 2020. V.10, P.9475.  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66366-2.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopp M, Loewe T, Wuest W, et al. Individual Calculation of Effective Dose and Risk of malignancy based on Monte Carlo simulations after whole body Computed tomography // Scientific Reports. 2020. V.10, P.9475.  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66366-2.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arruda GA, Weber RRS, Bruno AC, Pavoni JF. The Risk of Induced Cancer and Ischemic Heart Disease Following Low Dose lung irradiation for COVID-19: estimation based on a virtual case // Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2021. V.97, No2. P.120-5. DOI:10.1080/09553002.2021.1846818.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arruda GA, Weber RRS, Bruno AC, Pavoni JF. The Risk of Induced Cancer and Ischemic Heart Disease Following Low Dose lung irradiation for COVID-19: estimation based on a virtual case // Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2021. V.97, No2. P.120-5. DOI:10.1080/09553002.2021.1846818.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маткевич Е.И., Синицын В.Е., Иванов И.В. Направления оптимизации лучевой нагрузки при компьютерной томографии. М.-Воронеж: Элист, 2018. 200 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matkevich E.I., Sinicyn V.E., Ivanov I.V. Napravleniya optimizacii luchevoy nagruzki pri komp'yuternoy tomografii. M.-Voronezh: Elist, 2018. 200 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
