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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Клиническая медицина и фармакология</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2409-3750</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">102891</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/2409-3750-2025-11-2-2-17</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Обзоры</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>reviews</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Обзоры</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">SURGICAL TREATMENT OF RECTAL CANCER:  CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS  (literature review)</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ РАКА ПРЯМОЙ КИШКИ:  СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ  (обзор литературы)</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Гусейнов</surname>
       <given-names>Ариф Зиядович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Guseynov</surname>
       <given-names>Arif Ziyadovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Гусейнов</surname>
       <given-names>Т. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Guseynov</surname>
       <given-names>T. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Тульский государственный университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Тульский государственный университет</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Тульский государственный университет</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Tula State University</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-01T11:28:02+03:00">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-01T11:28:02+03:00">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>11</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>2</fpage>
   <lpage>17</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-01T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>01</day>
     <month>08</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/102891/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/102891/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Введение. Колоректальный рак занимает одну из ведущих позиций в структуре онкологических заболеваний, при этом на долю рака прямой кишки (РПК) приходится более трети всех случаев.&#13;
Улучшение результатов лечения РПК связано с внедрением в медицинскую практику методов комбинированного и комплексного лечения, которые включают в себя проведение химиотерапии и лучевой терапии на дооперационном этапе.&#13;
Цель исследования – изучить современное состояние хирургического лечения пациентов с РПК, тенденции и перспективы применения методов хирургического лечения. &#13;
Материал и методы. Изучены отечественные и зарубежные литературные источники по современному хирургическому лечению пациентов с РПК.&#13;
Результаты и их обсуждение. Изучение литературных источников показало, что хирургические вмешательства выполняются в большинстве случаев лечения РПК.&#13;
Подход к лечению рака верхней части прямой кишки считается эквивалентным раку сигмовидной кишки, где преобладает в основном хирургическое вмешательство.&#13;
Хирургическое лечение, включающее этап мезоректумэктомии, в комбинации с неоадъювантной лучевой терапией является стандартом лечения средне- и нижнеампулярного РПК.&#13;
Большую часть хирургических вмешательств составляют трансабдоминальные сфинктеросохраняющие операции, такие как передняя резекция и низкая передняя резекция прямой кишки, брюшно-анальная резекция.  &#13;
По показаниям применяется брюшно-промежностная экстирпация прямой кишки с формированием постоянной одноствольной колостомы.&#13;
Операция Гартмана выполняется в плановом и экстренном порядке при наличии противопоказаний к формированию первичного анастомоза.&#13;
В хирургии РПК проводятся также реконструктивные операции с целью восстановления естественного пассажа с закрытием колостомы.&#13;
При РПК II–III стадии выполнение мезоректумэктомии и латеральной лимфодиссекции считается стандартной хирургической опцией.&#13;
В настоящее время тотальная мезоректумэктомия может быть выполнена с использованием открытого, лапароскопического, роботизированного и трансанального доступа.&#13;
При генерализованном РПК с синхронными метастазами в печень и/или легкие рекомендуется выполнять хирургическое вмешательство по их удалению при их резектабельности.&#13;
В хирургии РПК проводятся различного характера паллиативные вмешательства в виде эндоскопической коагуляции, криодеструкции, колостомии, стентирования и др.&#13;
Лапароскопические резекции прямой кишки имеют преимущества в хирургическом лечении РПК, благодаря ранней реабилитации пациентов, малому риску развития послеоперационных грыж и лучшему косметическому результату операции.&#13;
Роботизированная хирургия при РПК может улучшить послеоперационную мочеиспускательную и репродуктивную функцию пациентов мужского пола.&#13;
При раннем РПК возможно применение методов эндоскопической резекции, включая полипэктомию, обычную эндоскопическую резекцию слизистой оболочки (EMR), эндоскопическую подслизистую диссекцию (ESD), модифицированную EMR. &#13;
Трансанальная эндоскопическая резекция прямой кишки является эффективным методом лечения РПК стадии pT1N0M0 с высокими показателями безрецидивной и общей выживаемости пациентов и низкой частотой осложнений.&#13;
Заключение. Таким образом, в хирургическом лечении РПК наблюдается тенденция к росту малоинвазивных технологий с применением методов локальной эндоскопической резекции слизистой/подслизистой при лечении РПК стадии pT1N0M0 и трансанальных эндоскопических резекций с полнослойным иссечением стенки кишки с прилежащей мезоректальной клетчаткой. &#13;
Применение трансанальных малоинвазивных технологий приводит к снижению количества интра- и постоперационных осложнений, локального рецидива, послеоперационной летальности и повышению безрецидивной выживаемости пациентов.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Introduction. Colorectal cancer occupies one of the leading positions in the structure of oncological diseases, with rectal cancer (RC) accounting for more than a third of all cases.&#13;
The improvement of RC treatment results is associated with the introduction of combined and complex treatment methods into medical practice, which include chemotherapy and radiation therapy at the preoperative stage.&#13;
The aim of the study is to study the current state of surgical treatment of patients with RC, trends and prospects of using surgical treatment methods. &#13;
Materials and methods. Domestic and foreign literary sources on modern surgical treatment of patients with RC have been studied.&#13;
The results and their discussion. A study of literary sources has shown that surgical interventions are performed in most cases of RC treatment.&#13;
The approach to the treatment of cancer of the upper rectum is considered equivalent to cancer of the sigmoid colon, where surgical intervention predominates mainly.&#13;
Surgical treatment, including the stage of mesorectumectomy, in combination with neoadjuvant radiation therapy is the standard of treatment for middle and lower ampullary RC.&#13;
The majority of surgical interventions are transabdominal sphincter-preserving operations, such as anterior and low anterior rectal resection, abdominal-anal resection.  &#13;
According to the indications, abdominal-perineal extirpation of the rectum with the formation of a permanent single-barrel colostomy is used.&#13;
The Hartmann operation is performed as planned and urgently if there are contraindications to the formation of a primary anastomosis.&#13;
In RC surgery, reconstructive operations are also performed to restore the natural passage with the closure of the colostomy.&#13;
In stage II–III RC, mesorectumectomy and lateral lymphodissection are considered standard surgical options.&#13;
Currently, total mesorectumectomy can be performed using open, laparoscopic, robotic, and transanal access.&#13;
In generalized RC with synchronous liver and/or lung metastases, surgical intervention is recommended to remove them if they are resectable.&#13;
Various types of palliative interventions are performed in RC surgery in the form of endoscopic coagulation, cryodestruction, colostomy, stenting, etc.&#13;
Laparoscopic rectal resections have advantages in the surgical treatment of RC, due to the early rehabilitation of patients, a low risk of postoperative hernias and a better cosmetic result of the operation.&#13;
Robotic surgery for RC can improve the postoperative urinary and reproductive function of male patients.&#13;
In early RC, endoscopic resection methods can be used, including polypectomy, conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), modified EMR. &#13;
Transanal endoscopic resection of the rectum is an effective method of treating pT1N0M0 stage RC with high rates of relapse-free and overall patient survival and low complication rates.&#13;
Conclusion. Thus, in the surgical treatment of RC, there is a tendency towards an increase in minimally invasive technologies using methods of local endoscopic resection of the mucosa/submucosa in the treatment of RC stage pT1N0M0 and transanal endoscopic resections with full-layer excision of the intestinal wall with adjacent mesorectal tissue. &#13;
The use of transanal minimally invasive technologies leads to a decrease in the number of intra- and postoperative complications, local recurrence, postoperative mortality, and increased recurrence-free survival of patients.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>рак прямой кишки</kwd>
    <kwd>хирургическое лечение</kwd>
    <kwd>трансабдоминальные операции</kwd>
    <kwd>лапароскопические и роботассистированные операции</kwd>
    <kwd>мезоректумэктомия</kwd>
    <kwd>лимфодиссекция</kwd>
    <kwd>последствия и осложнения хирургического лечения.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>rectal cancer</kwd>
    <kwd>surgical treatment</kwd>
    <kwd>transabdominal operations</kwd>
    <kwd>laparoscopic and robot-assisted operations</kwd>
    <kwd>mesorectumectomy</kwd>
    <kwd>lymph dissection</kwd>
    <kwd>consequences and complications of surgical treatment.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
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