Food security goes far beyond the traditional concept of food availability: it is a global challenge of intertwined geopolitics, economics, technology, and ecology. The current international and climate changes cause unpredictable fluctuations on food markets. As a result, sustainable food supply and a powerful agro-industrial complex have become a national priority. The North-South and East-West directions in traffic and logistics open up new, more cost-effective transit routes into a new geopolitical environment, which requires an active development of all related industries. Russia and China have excellent cooperation prospects in a wide range of areas, from agriculture and logistics to R&D and quality standardization. The Belt and Road Initiative creates additional infrastructural opportunities in mutual trade and Eurasian integration. In this respect, food security is a key factor of national and global stability, and it needs a robust agro-industrial complex, advanced infrastructure, active R&D investments, and international cooperation.