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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20071</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/article_5a82e4a3908213.56647014</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Радиационная биология</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Radiation biology</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Радиационная биология</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">The Relationship between the Age of the Based Laboratory Animals (Mice, Rats, Hamsters and Dogs) and the Age of Human: Actuality for the Age-Ralated Radiosensitivity Problem and the Analysis of Published Data</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Соотношение возрастов основных лабораторных животных (мышей, крыс, хомячков и собак) и человека: актуальность для проблемы возрастной радиочувствительности и анализ опубликованных данных</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Котеров</surname>
       <given-names>А. Н.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Koterov</surname>
       <given-names>A. N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ушенкова</surname>
       <given-names>Л. Н.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ushenkova</surname>
       <given-names>L. N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Зубенкова</surname>
       <given-names>Э. С.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zubenkova</surname>
       <given-names>E. S.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Вайнсон</surname>
       <given-names>А. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Vaynson</surname>
       <given-names>A. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Бирюков</surname>
       <given-names>А. П.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Biryukov</surname>
       <given-names>A. P.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор медицинских наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of medical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И.Бур­на­зяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center (FMBC) FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>63</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>5</fpage>
   <lpage>27</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/20071/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/20071/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Обзорно-синтетическое исследование опубликованных данных по соотношению возрастов наиболее часто используемых лабораторных животных (мышей, крыс, хомячков и собак) и человека для получения формульных зависимостей и калибровочных кривых.&#13;
Обоснование: Работа является преамбулой для более обширного анализа данных о возрастной радиочувствительности животных применительно к экстраполяции на человека выявленных закономерностей. Представленный вводный обзор истории исследований в этой области показал, что основные работы были выполнены в 1950–1960-х гг. и, частично, в 1970-х гг., а полученные результаты почти ничего не дали для практической радиационной медицины и радиационной безопасности. Исследований зависимости радиочувствительности от возраста человека при общем облучении в значительных дозах практически не было обнаружено, хотя такие данные и важны из-за перманентной угрозы ядерных инцидентов и терроризма. В связи с этим, количественное перенесение зависимостей, выявленных для различных видов животных, на ситуацию с острым облучением человека продолжает оставаться актуальным. В полном виде это не было выполнено до сих пор, что показал анализ источников, в том числе документов НКДАР, МКРЗ, ВОЗ и др.&#13;
Материал и методы: Для расчетов и обобщающего анализа использовали данные о физиологических возрастных периодах и их границах для животных и человека, опубликованные в весомых научных источниках. На основе извлеченных значений (из таблиц и диаграммы оригиналов), с помощью программ IBM SPSS и Statistica выведена формула для «табельных» зависимостей «возраст животного – возраст человека» и построен соответствующий калибровочных график. Использовали данные как прямого, так и косвенного характера. В первом случае (мыши, крысы, собаки) – из работ, в которых непосредственно сопоставлялись возрастные периоды животных и человека, во втором (мыши, крысы, хомячки) – когда количественные сведения о том или ином возрастном периоде для животного дали возможность провести собственное сопоставление его с аналогичным периодом жизни человека.&#13;
Результаты: Выведены «стандартные» формулы и получены «табельные» калибровочные кривые, позволяющие сопоставить возраст мышей, крыс, хомячков и собак с возрастом человека. Параллельно выяснилось, что множество находящихся в англо- и русскоязычном Интернете так называемых «калькуляторов», позволяющих, по утверждениям их разработчиков, переводить возраст практически любого животного в возраст человека, дают при сравнительных оценках с обнаруженными на основе научных данных зависимостями не совпадающие результаты (разница до 20–60 %).&#13;
Выводы. Полученные данные заполняют имевшиеся научные пробелы, создавая предпосылки как для сопоставления параметров возрастной радиочувствительности лабораторных животных и человека (что важно на современном этапе для радиационной безопасности), так и для использования в других экспериментальных областях медико-биологических дисциплин. На основе рассмотренных в работе соответствующих подходов к проблеме, возможно аналогичное выведение соотношений для возраста любого иного животного и человека.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: Survey-synthetic study of published scientific data on the relationship between the ages of the most used laboratory animals (mice, rats, hamsters and dogs) and humans to obtain the corresponding formula dependencies and calibration curves.&#13;
Basis: The work is a preamble for a more extensive analysis of data on the age-related radiosensitivity of animals as applied to the extrapolation of the revealed patterns to humans. The presented introductory review of the history of research in this field showed that the main works were carried out in the 1950s – 1960s, and, much less, in the 1970s, and the results, apparently, produced almost nothing for practical radiation medicine and radiation safety. Investigations of the relationship between the age and the radiosensitivity for the human which were exposed to total irradiation in significant doses were practically not found although such data are important because of the permanent threat of nuclear incidents and terrorism. In this regard, the quantitative transfer of the corresponding dependencies, identified for various species of animals, on the situation with acute human radiation syndrome continues to be relevant. In its entirety, according to our analysis of sources it has not been carried out until now, including the documents of UNSCEAR, ICRP, WHO, and others.&#13;
Material and methods: Data on physiological age periods and their boundaries for animals and humans, published in reliable scientific sources, were used for calculations and general analysis. Based on the extracted values (from tables and one chart of originals), using the IBM SPSS and Statistica programs, a formula was derived for the ‘standard’ dependencies on ‘age of the animal – age of the human’ and a corresponding calibration schedule was constructed. Both direct and indirect data were used. In the first case (mice, rats, dogs) we used the data for direct comparison of the age periods of animals and humans and in the second (mice, rats, hamsters) we used the quantitative information about a particular age period for an animal. It allowed us to conduct own comparison of such data with a similar period of human life.&#13;
Results: ‘Standard’ formulas were derived and ‘standard’ calibration curves were obtained, which made it possible to compare the age of mice, rats, hamsters and dogs with human age. In parallel, it turned out that many of the so-called ‘calculators’ in the English and Russian-language Internet, which can translate the age of almost any animal into human age (according to the statements of their developers), give the mistakes at comparative estimates with the observed dependencies on the basis of scientific data (difference up to 20–60 %).&#13;
Conclusions: The obtained data fill the existing scientific gaps, creating the prerequisites for both comparison of the parameters of the age-related radiosensitivity of laboratory animals and humans (important for radiation safety) and for use in other experimental areas of biomedical disciplines. On the basis of detailed approaches to the problem considered in the paper, it is possible to derive similar relationships for the age of any other animal and human.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>соотношение возраст животного – возраст человека</kwd>
    <kwd>мыши</kwd>
    <kwd>крысы</kwd>
    <kwd>хомячки</kwd>
    <kwd>собаки</kwd>
    <kwd>возрастная радиочувствительность</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>relationship age of animal – age of human</kwd>
    <kwd>mice</kwd>
    <kwd>rat</kwd>
    <kwd>hamster</kwd>
    <kwd>dog</kwd>
    <kwd>age-dependent radiosensitivity</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p>Исследования на животных с целью изучения физиологических состояний и патологий у человека, согласно [1, 2], известны еще с V в. до н.э.; с тех пор в этом плане использовались сотни различных видов [2]. Первым животным объектом для систематических работ, судя по источнику [3], являлись крысы, применение которых в собственно научных целях известно еще с 16 в., но весьма многие изыскания проводились и на других специально разводимых животных, в частности, еще с 18 в. [4] на мышах [2, 4]. В настоящий период (2010 г. [4] и 2013 г. [3]) именно мыши и крысы выступают как основные лабораторные животные, составляя 59 % [4] и 18–20 % [3–5] соответственно от общего числа млекопитающих, используемых в эксперименте 1. (В российском руководстве от 2010 г. [6] приведена подробная история становления лабораторного животноводства в СССР, включая соответствующие правительственные документы.)Нет необходимости упоминать, что для моделирования лучевых эффектов мыши и крысы также являются наиболее распространенными животными объектами. Подобная ситуация имела место как ранее (см. в [7, 8]), так и в настоящее время, идет ли речь о лучевой болезни [9–11], радиационном канцерогенезе [12, 13] или других радиационно обусловленных тканевых (то есть детерминированных) [14, 15] либо стохастических (раки, лейкозы, наследственные генетические нарушения [16, 17]) эффектах.</p>
 </body>
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