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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">21813</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/article_5b179763e503b3.98376905</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Лучевая диагностика</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Diagnostic radiology</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Лучевая диагностика</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Levels of Trace Elements in the Affected Area of Bone  in The Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis and Osteogenic Sarcoma</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Уровни содержания микроэлементов в пораженном участке кости в диагностике остеомиелита и остеогенной саркомы</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Зайчик</surname>
       <given-names>В. Е.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zaychik</surname>
       <given-names>V. E.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <volume>63</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>34</fpage>
   <lpage>37</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/21813/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/21813/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Несмотря на значительные успехи в области диагностики заболеваний костной ткани с помощью современных методов визуализации очага поражения, таких как компьютерная и магнитно-резонансная томография, дифференциальная диагностика остеомиелита (ОМ) и остеогенной саркомы (ОS) на ранних стадиях заболевания представляет определённые трудности. В представленной работе исследованы новые возможности дифференциальной диагностики ОМ и ОS с помощью определения уровней содержания микроэлементов (МЭ) в поражённом участке кости.&#13;
Материал и методы: В образцах костной ткани, взятых у людей с интактной (нормальной) костью (преимущественно погибшие от травм, n = 27), а также у 10 больных с диагнозом ОМ и 27 больных с диагнозом ОS было определено содержание 9 МЭ: серебра (Ag), кобальта (Co), хрома (Cr), железа (Fe), ртути (Hg), рубидия (Rb), сурьмы (Sb), селена (Se) и цинка (Zn). Образцы интактной кости отбирали при аутопсиях, а образцы тканей из очага поражения у больных – при открытых биопсиях и операциях. Все больные проходили обследование и лечение в Медицинском радиологическом научном центре. Все диагнозы были подтверждены данными клинического и морфологического исследования.&#13;
Для определения содержания этих МЭ была разработана методика инструментального нейтронно-активационного анализа (INAA). Исследуемые образцы облучались нейтронами в канале ядерного реактора и, после определённой выдержки, проводилась спектрометрия высокого разрешения гамма-излучения долгоживущих радионуклидов, образовавшихся под воздействием нейтронов. Достоверность различий содержания МЭ в трёх группах образцов определяли с помощью параметрического t-теста Стьюдента и непараметрического U-теста Вилкоксона–Манна–Уитни.&#13;
Результаты: Точность разработанных методик и достоверность полученных данных определения содержания Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Rb, Sb, Se, и Zn была подтверждена результатами измерения международных сертифицированных материалов сравнения МАГАТЭ IAEA H-5 (Animal Bone) и Национального Института Стандартов и Технологий, США, NIST 1486 (Bone Meal).&#13;
Обнаружено, что и при воспалительном процессе, и при саркоматозной трансформации костной ткани происходят подвижки в МЭ составе ткани, характеризующиеся изменениями уровней содержания некоторых МЭ разной степени и направлении. В частности было показано, что в ткани ОS содержание Co, Fe, Se, и Zn значительно выше (2,6; 2,6; 6,2 и 1,6 раз соответственно), а содержание Rb более чем в 2 раза ниже, чем в костной ткани при ОМ. Столь существенные различия позволяли исследовать возможности использования уровней содержания этих МЭ и их различных математических комбинаций в качестве маркёров ОS. В качестве потенциальных маркёров ОS, помимо абсолютных значений содержания МЭ, рассматривались математические сочетания, которые могли увеличить различия между ОМ и ОS. Расчёты были проведены для произведений содержания МЭ (SeZn, FeSeZn и CoFeSeZn), отношений содержания МЭ (Rb/Co, Rb/Fe, Rb/Se и Rb/Zn), а также сочетаний отношения и произведений МЭ (Rb/(SeZn), Rb/(FeSeZn) и Rb/CoFeSeZn). Это позволило многократно увеличить разрыв между средними значениями маркёров при ОМ и ОS. Например, значения SeZn, FeSeZn и CoFeSeZn при ОS были соответственно в 9,0, 29,5 и 96,8 раз выше, чем при ОМ.&#13;
Для оценки чувствительности, специфичности и точности потенциальных маркёров ОS использовали общепринятые способы обработки данных. Среди исследованных потенциальных маркёров наиболее информативным оказалось произведение содержаний Se и Zn, хотя и другие более простые, например Se, или более сложные маркёры, например Rb/(SeZn), также показали высокие диагностические характеристики.&#13;
Разумеется, для определения содержания МЭ в образцах ткани очага поражения кости могут быть использованы любые современные аналитические методы. Главное преимущество использованного нами INAA заключается в том, что он не требует утилизации образца при проведении измерений и процесс подготовки образца к анализу практически ограничен его высушиванием в замороженном состоянии. Это позволяет, во-первых, сохранить образцы для последующих исследований, а, во-вторых, исключить возможность потерь или привнесения МЭ в образец во время пробоподготовки. Основной недостаток INAA связан с необходимостью использования ядерного реактора. Большинство альтернативных аналитических технологий требует разложения (вскрытия) образца путём озоления или растворения в кислотах. Известно, что эти манипуляции могут приводить к существенным потерям МЭ или их привнесениям в образец с кислотами. Поэтому эти методы требуют дополнительных мер контроля точности получаемых результатов, а, следовательно, они менее надёжны, а также более затратны по труду и времени. Среди современных аналитических методов, обеспечивающих быстрое определение содержания многих химических элементов, включая такие МЭ как Se и Zn, и при этом не требующих разложения образца, следует выделить энергодисперсионный рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ (EDXRF). Современный рынок предлагает большой выбор портативных приборов для EDXRF. По нашему мнению, именно EDXRF является наиболее перспективным методом для использования в клинической практике.&#13;
Выводы: Использование предложенных маркёров позволяет дифференцировать ОS от воспалённой и нормальной костной ткани с чувствительностью в диапазоне 89–100 %, специфичностью 85–100 % и точностью в пределах 89–98 %.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: Childhood bone cancer is often difficult to detect in its early stages. One of the most important differential diagnostics is between osteomyelitis (OM) and osteosarcoma (OS). To clarify the possible role of trace elements (TE) as osteosarcoma markers, a nondestructive neutron activation analysis were performed.&#13;
Material and methods: The Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Rb, Sb, Se, and Zn contents were measured in three groups of samples: normal bone samples from 27 persons with intact bone, and also in samples, obtained from open biopsies or after operation of 10 patients with OM and 27 patients with OS. The difference in the results between TE contents in the three groups was evaluated by the parametric Student’s t-test and non-parametric Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U-test.&#13;
Results: In the OS tissue the mean mass fractions of Co, Fe, Se, and Zn are significantly higher (2.6, 2.6, 6.2, and 1.6 times, respectively) and the mean mass fraction of Rb is more than 2 times lower than in the inflamed bone. Different combinations of these TE mass fractions were checked as tumor markers.&#13;
Conclusion: It was shown that the level of SeZn mass fraction multiplication is the best tumor marker and can be recommended as an additional high informative test for differential diagnosis between OS and a normal or inflamed bone.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>микроэлементы</kwd>
    <kwd>костная ткань человека</kwd>
    <kwd>остеомиелит</kwd>
    <kwd>остеогенная саркома</kwd>
    <kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd>
    <kwd>нейтронно-активационный анализ</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>trace elements</kwd>
    <kwd>human bone tissue</kwd>
    <kwd>osteomyelitis</kwd>
    <kwd>osteosarcoma</kwd>
    <kwd>differential diagnostics</kwd>
    <kwd>neutron activation analysis</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p>Bone tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors that all arise from bone tissue, which consists of cartilaginous, osteoid, osseous mineralized and fibrous tissue, and bone marrow elements. Each tissue can give to be subject to inflammation, benign or malignant tumors. Childhood bone cancer is often difficult to detect in its early stages because the associated signs and symptoms can be nonspecific, insidious in onset, and mimic more common disorders. One of the most important differential diagnostics is between an inflammation and a malignant process such as osteogenic sarcoma.</p>
 </body>
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