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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">28614</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/article_5cf23053d04654.51745769</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Протонная терапия</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Proton therapy</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Протонная терапия</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Calculation of the Depth Dependence of Relative Biological Effectiveness For Clinical Proton Beams</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Вычисление глубинной зависимости ОБЭ клинических пучков протонов</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Белоусов</surname>
       <given-names>А. В.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Belousov</surname>
       <given-names>A. V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Бахтиозин</surname>
       <given-names>Р. Б.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Bahtiosin</surname>
       <given-names>R. B.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Колыва­нова</surname>
       <given-names>М. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kolyvanova</surname>
       <given-names>M. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Крусанов</surname>
       <given-names>Г. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Krusanov</surname>
       <given-names>G. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Шулепова</surname>
       <given-names>Л. И.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Shulepova</surname>
       <given-names>L. I.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Морозов</surname>
       <given-names>В. Н.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Morozov</surname>
       <given-names>V. N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный высокотехнологический центр медицинской радиологии ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Димитровград</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Federal High-Tech Center for Medical Radiology of Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution>
     <city>Dimitrovgrad</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-7">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>64</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>5</fpage>
   <lpage>10</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/28614/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/28614/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Точное определение значения относительной биологической эффективности (ОБЭ) для высокоэнергетических протонов является одной из ключевых проблем современной лучевой терапии. Цель настоящей работы – вычисление зависимости ОБЭ от глубины проникновения протонных пучков, формирующих модифицированный пик Брэгга.&#13;
Материал и методы: Пространственное распределение поглощенной дозы и среднедозового значения линейной передачи энергии (ЛПЭ) для монохроматического пучка протонов с энергией 50–100 МэВ с шагом 0,5 МэВ определяли с помощью компьютерного моделирования в программном коде Geant4, реализующем метод Монте-Карло. При расчетах использовалась линейная зависимость ОБЭ от среднедозового значения ЛПЭ. Дозовые распределения получали в водном фантоме для тонких протонных пучков радиусом 2,5 мм в поперечном сечении. Поглощенная доза и среднедозовое значение линейной передачи энергии вычислены в вокселах размерами 2×2×0,2 мм.&#13;
Результаты: Получены глубинные зависимости распределения поглощенной дозы и среднедозовых значений ЛПЭ для монохроматических пучков протонов с кинетической энергией 50–100 МэВ с шагом 0,5 МэВ. Вычислены глубинные распределения ОБЭ. Определены значения весовых коэффициентов, позволяющих направлено сформировать модифицированный пик Брэгга. Для модифицированного пика вычислено соответствующее распределение ОБЭ-взвешенной дозы и значения ОБЭ для полихроматических пучков.&#13;
Заключение: Показано, что для формирования однородного распределения дозы в модифицированном пике Брэгга достаточно шага по энергии вплоть до 1,5 МэВ. ОБЭ полихроматических пучков сложным образом зависит от глубины, резко изменяясь на дистальном конце модифицированного пика Брэгга. Изменения в ОБЭ по сравнению с используемым в клинической практике значением 1,1 могут достигать 10–30 %. Продемонстрированная в настоящей работе линейная модель зависимости ОБЭ от ЛПЭ может быть легко использована в системах дозиметрического планирования, что позволит в итоге существенно повысить качество протонной лучевой терапии.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: Accurate establishing the value of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for high energy protons is one of the main challenges of modern radiotherapy. The purpose of the study is to calculate the depth dependence of RBE for proton beams forming a spread-out Bragg peak.&#13;
Material and methods: Spatial distributions of absorbed dose and dose-average linear energy transfer (LET) for 50-100 MeV (0.5 MeV energy step) monochromatic proton beams were obtained by Monte-Carlo computer simulation using Geant4 software. A linear dependence of RBE on the dose-average LET was used. Absorbed dose distributions were obtained in a water phantom for monochromatic pencil proton beams of 2.5 mm radius. The absorbed dose and the dose-average LET values were calculated in voxels with dimensions of 2×2×0.2 mm.&#13;
Results: Calculations of depth dependencies of absorbed dose and dose-average LET for 50–100 MeV monochromatic proton beams were performed. Depth dependencies of RBE for these beams were established. The weighing coefficients values allowing to generate uniformspread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) were determined. Depth distribution of RBE-weighted dose and RBE values for SOBP were found.&#13;
Conclusion: The impact of the initial beam energy step on the degree of homogeneity of the modified Bragg curve was investigated. It was shown that a step up to 1.5 MeV is acceptable for generate a smooth Bragg curve. The depth dependence of the average RBE value is a complex function, which rapidly changes especially at the far end of the SOBP. RBE may vary up to 10-30 % compared to current clinical value. The linear model of RBE–LET dependence shown in the study can be easily used in dosimetric planning systems, that may will significantly improve the quality of proton radiotherapy.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>протонная лучевая терапия</kwd>
    <kwd>относительная биологическая эффективность</kwd>
    <kwd>линейная передача энергии</kwd>
    <kwd>модифицированный пик Брэгга</kwd>
    <kwd>метод Монте-Карло</kwd>
    <kwd>Geant4</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>proton radiotherapy</kwd>
    <kwd>relative biological effectiveness</kwd>
    <kwd>linear energy transfer</kwd>
    <kwd>spread-out Bragg peak</kwd>
    <kwd>Monte-Carlo method</kwd>
    <kwd>Geant4</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
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