<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">34988</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-1-22-26</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Неионизирующее излучение</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Non-ionizing radiation</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Неионизирующее излучение</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Brain Tumors and Cell EMF Radiobiological Criteria for Assessment Hazardous Population</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Опухоли головного мозга и электромагнитные поля мобильных телефонов: радио­биоло­гические критерии оценки опасности для населения</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Самойлов</surname>
       <given-names>А. С.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Samoylov</surname>
       <given-names>A. S.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор медицинских наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of medical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Григорьев</surname>
       <given-names>Юрий Григорьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Grigor'ev</surname>
       <given-names>Yuriy Grigorievich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор медицинских наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of medical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>65</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>22</fpage>
   <lpage>26</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/34988/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/34988/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>За прошедшие десять лет среди мирового научного сообщества активно обсуждалась возможность развития отдаленных последствий, в частности рака головного мозга (ГМ), у пользователей мобильных телефонов (МТ). Ряд международных организаций имеет до сих пор точку зрения, что для этого нет абсолютных доказательств. Однако Международное агентство исследования рака (IARC) при Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) сделало официальное сообщение для печати № 208 от 31 мая 2011 г., в котором классифицировало радиочастотные электромагнитные поля (ЭМП) как возможный канцерогенный фактор для населения (группа 2B), в том числе при использовании мобильного телефона. Это решение было основано на увеличенном риске развития глиомы – рака ГМ высокой злокачественности. &#13;
Решению IARC предшествовал очень длительный период научного противостояния. Однако радиобиологи России прогнозировали возможность развития опухолей мозга, слухового и вестибулярного анализаторов. &#13;
Проведенные два классических эксперимента в США (2016) и Италии (2018) – тотальное ЭМП-облучение животных в течение двух лет или в течение всей их жизни от перинатального периода до их естественной гибели, укрепили мнение большинства ученых в возможности развития опухолевого процесса при длительном воздействии ЭМП РЧ.&#13;
В статье рассмотрены риски развития рака мозга у пользователей мобильными телефонами на первых этапах развития сотовой связи. Соответствующей корреляции не было получено. В дальнейшем были проанализированы результаты эпидемиологических исследований, полученные в ряде стран (США, Швеция, Великобритания, Финляндия) в период массового использования сотовой связи всеми слоями населения, включая детей.&#13;
До сих пор не проводятся международным научным сообществом исследования по обоснованию стандартов с учетом локального воздействия ЭМП сотовой связи на ГМ пользователя. Отсутствует соответствующая научная база. По нашему мнению, население находится в зоне высокого риска. Считаем необходимым проинформировать население о возможной опасности развития опухолей ГМ. Имеются серьезные основания усилить профилактические мероприятия, направленные на снижение электромагнитного воздействия на население.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Over the past ten years, the possibility of developing long-term consequences, in particular brain cancer in mobile phone   users, has been actively discussed among the world scientific community. A number of international organizations still have the view that there is no absolute evidence for this. However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) issued an official press release No. 208 of May 31, 2011, which classified radio frequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to the public (Group 2B), which is associated with the use of a mobile phone. This decision was based on the increased risk of developing glioma brain cancer, high malignancy brain cancer.&#13;
The IARC decision was preceded by a very long period of scientific confrontation. However, Russian radiobiologists predicted the possibility of developing brain tumors, auditory and vestibular analyzers.&#13;
Two classical experiments conducted in the USA (2016) and Italy (2018) – total irradiation of animals for two years or throughout their life from the perinatal period to their natural death, strengthened the opinion of most scientists about the possibility of developing a tumor process with prolonged exposure to RF EMF .&#13;
The article discusses the risks of developing brain cancer in users of mobile phones in the early stages of the development of cellular communications. No corresponding correlation was obtained. Further, the results of epidemiological studies obtained in a number of countries (USA, Sweden, Great Britain, Finland) were analyzed during the period of mass use of cellular communications by all segments of the population, including children.&#13;
Until now, studies have not been conducted by the international scientific community to justify standards, taking into account the local effects of cellular EMF on the user’s brain. There is no corresponding scientific base. In our opinion, the population is at high risk. We consider it necessary to inform the population about the possible danger of developing a brain tumor. There are serious reasons to strengthen preventive measures aimed at reducing the electromagnetic effect on the population.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>радиочастотные электромагнитные поля</kwd>
    <kwd>мобильные телефоны</kwd>
    <kwd>канцерогенный фактор</kwd>
    <kwd>опухоли головного мозга</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>radio-frequency electromagnetic fields</kwd>
    <kwd>mobile phones</kwd>
    <kwd>carcinogenic factor</kwd>
    <kwd>brain tumors</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IARC /A/ WHO. Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans. PRESS RELEASE № 208, 31 May 2011. 3 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IARC / A / WHO. Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans. PRESS RELEASE No. 208, May 31, 2011.3 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Ю.Г. Мобильный телефон и неблагоприятное влияние на головной мозг пользователя - оценки риска // Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология. 2014. Т. 54. № 2. С. 203-216.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryev YuG. Mobile phone and adverse effects on the user’s brain - risk assessment. Radiation Biology. Radioecology. 2014;54 (2):203-16. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Ю.Г. Электромагнитные поля мобильной связи и оценка риска для населения (современное состояние проблемы и перспективные исследования). //Ж. Медицина экстремальных ситуаций. 2006. Т.4. №8. С. 58-67.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryev YuG. Mobile electromagnetic fields and risk assessment for the population (current state of the problem and future research). J. Emergency medicine. 2006;4 (8):58-67. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Ю.Г., Самойлов А.С., Бушманов А.Ю., Хорсева Н.И. Мобильная связь и здоровье детей: проблема третьего тысячелетия // Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 2017. Т. 62. № 2. С.39-46.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryev YuG, Samoilov AS, Bushmanov AYu, Khorseva NI. Mobile communications and children’s health: the problem of the third millennium. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 2017; 62(2):39-46. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Ю.Г. Отдаленные последствия биологического действия электромагнитных полей. //Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология. 2000. Т.40. №2. С.217-225.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryev YuG. Long-term effects of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields. Radiation Biology. Radioecology. 2000; 40(2):217-25. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г. Мобильники плохо влияют на мозг. 2009, Февраль, URL: https://www.rbc.ru/society/10/02/2009/5703d1eb9a79473dc814c4d8 (дата обращения 28.09.2019)</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko GG. Cell phones have a bad effect on the brain. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/society/10/02/2009/5703d1eb9a79473dc814c4d8 (access date 28.09.2019) (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РНКЗНИ. Решение от 19 марта 2011 г. “Электромагнитное поле мобильных телефонов: влияние на здоровье детей и молодежи” // Радиац. биология. Радиоэкология. 2011. Т. 51. № 4. С. 483-487.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RNCPIR. Decision of March 19, 2011 “Electromagnetic field of mobile phones: effects on the health of children and youth”. Radiation Biology. Radioecology. 2011;51(4):483-7. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Письмо Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека от 27 июня 2008 г. № 01/6838-8-32 “О санитарно-эпидемиологическом надзоре за объектами - источниками неионизирующих излучений”URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/4086917/ (дата обращения 15.10.2019)</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Letter of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being of June 27, 2008 No. 01 / 6838-8-32 “On Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of Objects-Sources of Non-ionizing Radiations” URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/4086917/ (access date 15.10.2019)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muscat J., Malkin M., Thompson S. et al. Handheld cellular telephone use the risk of drain cancer // Java. 2000. V. 284. P. 3001-3007</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muscat J, Malkin M, Thompson S. et al. Handheld cellular telephone use the risk of drain cancer. Java. 2000;284:3001-7.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jnskip P., Tarone R., Hatch E. et al. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors // N. Engl. J. Med. 2001. V. 344. № 2. Р. 79-86.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jnskip P, Tarone R, Hatch E. et al. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001;344(2):79-86.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johansen C., Boice J., McLaughlin J., Olsen J. Cellular telephones and cancer - a nationwide cohort study in Denmark // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2001. V. 93. P. 203- 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/93.3.203</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johansen C, Boice J, McLaughlin J, Olsen J. Cellular telephones and cancer - a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:203-7. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.3.203.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auvinen A., Hietanen M., Luukkonen R. et al. Brain tumors and salivary gland cancers among cellular telephone users // Epidemiol. 2002. V. 13. P. 356-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200205000-00018</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auvinen A, Hietanen M, Luukkonen R et al. Brain tumors and salivary gland cancers among cellular telephone users. Epidemiol. 2002;13:356-9. DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200205000-00018.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardell L., Mild K., Palson A., Hallquist A. Ionizing radiation, cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumours // Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2001. V. 10. N. 6. P. 523-529. doi:10.1097/0000846920011200000007</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardell L, Mild K, Palson A, Hallquist A. Ionizing radiation, cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumours. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2001;10(6):523-9. DOI: 10.1097/0000846920011200000007</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardell L., Hallquist A., Mild H. et al. Cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumors // Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2002. V. 11.N4. P. 377-386. doi:10.1097/00008469-200208000-00010</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardell L, Hallquist A, Mild H. et al. Cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumors.Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2002;11(4):377-86. DOI:  10.1097/00008469-200208000-00010</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F., Hansson Mild K. Pooled analysis of case-control studies on acoustic neuroma diagnosed 1997-2003 and 2007-2009 and use of mobile and cordless phones // Int J Oncol. 2013. V. 43. N. 4. P. 1036-1044.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, Hansson Mild K. Pooled analysis of case-control studies on acoustic neuroma diagnosed 1997-2003 and 2007-2009 and use of mobile and cordless phones. Int J Oncol. 2013;43(4):1036-44.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardell L., Carlberg M. Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma. Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997-2003 and 2007-2009 // Pathophysiology 2015. V. 22. N 1. P. 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardell L, Carlberg M. Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma. Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997-2003 and 2007-2009. Pathophysiology. 2015 Mar;22(1):1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IARC. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields // The Lancet Oncology. 2011. Yuly. V. 12. P. 624-625.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IARC. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. The Lancet Oncology. 2011;Yuly. 12:624-5.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Statistical Report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2008-2012 // Neuro Oncol. 2015. Oct.17. Suppl.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Statistical Report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2008. Neuro Oncol. 2015; Oct.17. Suppl.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Register UK National of National Statistics (ONS. Study: Rates of Aggressive Brain Cancer Increasing in England, 2018. URL: http://www.saferemr.com/2018/03/brain-tumor-incidence-trends.html (дата обращения 05.09.2019)</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Register UK National of National Statistics (ONS. Study: Rates of Aggressive Brain Cancer Increasing in England, 2018. URL: http://www.saferemr.com/2018/03/brain-tumor-incidence-trends.html (access date 05.09.2019)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wyde M., Cesta M., Blystone C. et al. Report of Partial Findings from the National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley® SD rats (Whole Body Exposures). Draft 5-19-2016. US National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2016. URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055699v1 (дата обращения 10.10.2019) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/055699.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wyde M, Cesta M, Blystone C. et al. Report of Partial Findings from the National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley® SD rats (Whole Body Exposures). Draft 5-19-2016. US National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2016. URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055699v1 (access date 10.10.2019) DOI: 10.1101/055699.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith-Roe SL, Wyde ME, Stout MD, et al. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cell phone radiofrequency radiation in male and female rats and mice following subchronic exposure. Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society Annual Conference; Raleigh, NC, USA; 2017. Sept 9-13, https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22343</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith-Roe SL, Wyde ME, Stout MD, et al. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cell phone radiofrequency radiation in male and female rats and mice following subchronic exposure. Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society Annual Conference; Raleigh, NC, USA; 2017. Sept 9-13, DOI: 10.1002/em.22343</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falcioni L, Bua L, Tibaldi E, Lauriola M, et al: Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission. Environ Res 2018.N.165. P. 496-503.URL: https://www.mainecoalitiontostopsmartmeters.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Belpoggi-Heart-and-Brain-Tumors-Base-Station-2018.pdf (дата обращения 10.10.2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falcioni L, Bua L, Tibaldi E, Lauriola M, et al: Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission. Environ Res 2018; 165:496-503.URL: https://www.mainecoalitiontostopsmartmeters.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Belpoggi-Heart-and-Brain-Tumors-Base-Station-2018.pdf (access date 10.10.2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
