<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">37221</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-2-57-61</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Радиационная физика, техника и дозиметрия</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Radiation physics, technology and dosimetry</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Радиационная физика, техника и дозиметрия</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Mathematical Simulation of the Doses inside Patient Body under Prostate Irradiation with Carbon Ion Beam</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Математическое моделирование доз в теле пациента при облучении простаты ионами углерода</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Фёдоров</surname>
       <given-names>В. В.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Fedorov</surname>
       <given-names>V. V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;адъюнкт архитектуры;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;adjunct of architecture;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Потетня</surname>
       <given-names>В. И.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Potetnya</surname>
       <given-names>V. I.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Моисеев</surname>
       <given-names>А. С.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Moiseev</surname>
       <given-names>A. S.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Чернуха</surname>
       <given-names>А. Е.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Chernukha</surname>
       <given-names>A. E.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ульяненко</surname>
       <given-names>С. Е.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ulyanenko</surname>
       <given-names>S. E.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Соловьев</surname>
       <given-names>А. Н.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Solovev</surname>
       <given-names>A. N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>65</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>57</fpage>
   <lpage>61</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/37221/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/37221/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Методы лучевой терапии с использованием тяжёлых заряженных частиц приобретают всё большую популярность как эффективное средство лечения онкологических больных. В то же время, использование таких частиц неизменно связано с вкладом вторичного излучения, образующегося в результате ядерных взаимодействий, которое может оказывать существенное влияние на ткани и органы пациентов, лежащие вне поля мишени облучения. Дозы в органах вне поля облучения должны рассматриваться с точки зрения радиационной безопасности. В настоящей работе проводилось математическое моделирование поглощённых доз в различных органах пациента при облучении предстательной железы ионами углерода и последующее сравнение полученных значений доз с существующими референсными значениями от КТ‑процедур при использовании известных рекомендаций по радиологической защите применительно к принятой практике углеродной лучевой терапии.&#13;
Материал и методы: В качестве среды моделирования использовали FLUKA — комплекс программ для моделирования процесса переноса ионизирующего излучения в веществе с использованием метода Монте-Карло, а в качестве модели тела пациента — один из наиболее детализированных воксельных антропоморфных фантомов Vishum. В модели оценивались дозы, поглощённые отдалёнными от мишени сегментированными органами в результате воздействия ионов углерода, энергетический спектр которых был подобран таким образом, чтобы модифицированный пик Брэгга позволял равномерно распределить дозу по всему объему простаты. После проведения вычислений дозы в органах нормировались на общую дозу в простате. Это является качественной оценкой терапевтического воздействия, которое позволяет проанализировать дозы в отдаленных органах, лежащих вне пучка, с точки зрения радиологической защиты для ионной лучевой терапии в соответствии с рекомендациями МКРЗ 127.&#13;
Результаты: Показано, что при проведении углеродной терапии с одного выбранного направления дозы в удалённых от простаты органах весьма низкие — на два порядка ниже доз, в среднем получаемых при рентгеновской КТ всего тела, и сравнимы по величине с дозами, получаемыми экипажами коммерческих авиалиний. &#13;
Заключение: Таким образом, полученные результаты моделирования могут представлять интерес для дальнейшего изучения отдалённых эффектов углеродной терапии с точки зрения анализа рисков, в том числе возникновения вторичных радиационно-индуцированных раков или иных последствий лечения.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: The radiotherapy methods using heavy charged particles become popular nowadays due to its high efficiency in treatment of oncological patients. On the other side, the practical application of such particles is deeply connected to the influence of secondary radiation, which is a result of nuclear collisions, that can affect the patients’ tissues and organs outside the treatment field. Doses in the out-of-field volumes should be considered from the standpoint of radiological protection. In this study we perform mathematical simulations of the absorbed dose in various organs under the prostate irradiation with carbon ion beam and compared these dose values with existing reference values from CT procedures, and known radiological protection recommendations against current practice of clinical use of carbon ions. &#13;
Material and methods: The simulation tool is general application Monte-Carlo code FLUKA widely used for ionizing radiation transport modeling and simulations in radiological protection field. The patient model is one of the most detailed voxelized anthropomorphic phantom Vishum. During the simulation the absorbed dose of segmented organs has been assessed under the spread-out Bragg peak of carbon ions uniformly covering the prostate with the physical dose. The resulted dose in organs is normalized to the prostate dose. This is the qualitative assessment of radiation treatment procedure which allowed us to analyze the out-of-field doses in distant organs from the viewpoint of radiological protection in ion beam therapy, following existing ICRP Publication 127 guidelines.&#13;
Results: The results show that the levels of dose due to prostate irradiation in the regimes widely used in the world practice are two level of magnitude lower than dose levels under the full body CT examination, and are comparable to the aircraft crew doses. &#13;
Conclusion: Thus, the obtained results might be interested from the risks assessment point of view, including the secondary radiation-induced cancers or other observable or expected treatment effects.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>метод Монте-Карло</kwd>
    <kwd>ионная терапия</kwd>
    <kwd>распределение доз</kwd>
    <kwd>антропоморфный фантом</kwd>
    <kwd>воксельный фантом</kwd>
    <kwd>простата</kwd>
    <kwd>вторичное излучение</kwd>
    <kwd>модифицированный пик Брэгга</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Monte-Carlo simulation</kwd>
    <kwd>ion beam therapy</kwd>
    <kwd>dose distribution</kwd>
    <kwd>anthropomorphic phantom</kwd>
    <kwd>voxel phantom</kwd>
    <kwd>prostate</kwd>
    <kwd>secondary radiation</kwd>
    <kwd>spread-out Bragg peak</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каприн А.Д., Ульяненко С.Е. Адронная терапия - точки развития. Медицина: целевые проекты. 2016;23:56-59.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaprin AD, Ulyanenko SE. Hadron therapy - development points. Medicine: Target Projects. 2016;23:56-59. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соловьев А.Н., Гулидов И.А., Мардынский Ю.С., Ульяненко С.Е. и др. Современные тенденции в мире частиц. Краткие итоги конференции PTCOG56. Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология. 2017;57(5):548-50.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soloviev AN, Gulidov IA, Mardynsky YuS, Ulyanenko SE, Galkin VN, Kaprin AD. Modern Trends in the World of Particles. Summary results of the PTCOG56 Conference. Radiation Biology. Radioecology. 2017;57(5):548-50. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Durante M, Paganetti H. Nuclear physics in particle therapy: a review. Reports on Progress in Physics. 2016;79:096702 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/9/096702.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durante M, Paganetti H. Nuclear physics in particle therapy: a review. Reports on Progress in Physics. 2016;79:096702 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/9/096702.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grassberger C, Paganetti H. Elevated LET components in clinical proton beams. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:6677-91. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/20/011.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grassberger C, Paganetti H. Elevated LET components in clinical proton beams. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:6677-91. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/20/011.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ульяненко С.Е., Лычагин А.А., Корякин С.Н., Чернуха А.Е., и др. Распределение дозы и ЛПЭ в биообъектах при облучении протонами. Медицинская физика. 2018;1(77):68-74.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulyanenko SE, Lychagin AA, Koryakin SN, Chernukha AE, Troshina MV, Goulidov IN, et al. Simulation of dose and LET distributions within biological objects in proton fields. Medical Physics. 2018;1(77):68-74. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соловьев А.Н., Гулидов И.А., Мардынский Ю.С., Ульяненко С.Е. и др. Современные тенденции в мире частиц. Краткие итоги конференции PTCOG56. Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология. 2017;57(5):548-50.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soloviev AN, Gulidov IA, Mardynsky YuS, Ulyanenko SE, Galkin VN, Kaprin AD. Modern Trends in the World of Particles. Summary results of the PTCOG56 Conference. Radiation Biology. Radioecology. 2017;57(5):548-50. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Durante M, Paganetti H. Nuclear physics in particle therapy: a review. Reports on Progress in Physics. 2016;79:096702 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/9/096702.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durante M, Paganetti H. Nuclear physics in particle therapy: a review. Reports on Progress in Physics. 2016;79:096702 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/9/096702.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grassberger C, Paganetti H. Elevated LET components in clinical proton beams. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:6677-91. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/20/011.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grassberger C, Paganetti H. Elevated LET components in clinical proton beams. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:6677-91. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/20/011.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ульяненко С.Е., Лычагин А.А., Корякин С.Н., Чернуха А.Е., и др. Распределение дозы и ЛПЭ в биообъектах при облучении протонами. Медицинская физика. 2018;1(77):68-74.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulyanenko SE, Lychagin AA, Koryakin SN, Chernukha AE, Troshina MV, Goulidov IN, et al. Simulation of dose and LET distributions within biological objects in proton fields. Medical Physics. 2018;1(77):68-74. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polf JC, Newhauser WD, Titt U. Patient neutron dose equivalent exposures outside of the proton therapy treatment field. Radiat Protect Dosimetry. 2005;115:154-8.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polf JC, Newhauser WD, Titt U. Patient neutron dose equivalent exposures outside of the proton therapy treatment field. Radiat Protect Dosimetry. 2005;115:154-8.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zacharatou J, Lee C, Bolch C, Xu W, Paganetti H. Assessment of organ specific neutron doses in proton therapy using whole-body age-dependent voxel phantoms. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:693-714. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/3/012.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zacharatou J, Lee C, Bolch C, Xu W, Paganetti H. Assessment of organ specific neutron doses in proton therapy using whole-body age-dependent voxel phantoms. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:693-714. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/3/012.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корякина Е.В., Потетня В.И. Цитогенетические эффекты низких доз нейтронов в клетках млекопитающих. Альманах клинической медицины. 2015;41:72-8.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koryakina EV, Potetnya VI. Cytogenetic effects of low neutron doses in mammalian cells. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;41:72-8. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gunzert-Marx K, Iwase H, Schardt D, Simon RS. Secondary beam fragments produced by 200 MeV 12C ions in water and their dose contributions in carbon ion radiotherapy. New J Phys. 2008;10:075003. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/10/7/075003.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gunzert-Marx K, Iwase H, Schardt D, Simon RS. Secondary beam fragments produced by 200 MeV 12C ions in water and their dose contributions in carbon ion radiotherapy. New J Phys. 2008;10:075003. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/10/7/075003.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwase H, Gunzert-Marx K, Haettner E, Schardt D, Gutermuth F, Kraemer M et al. Experimental and theoretical study of the neutron dose produced by carbon ion therapy beams. Radiat Protect Dosimetry. 2007;126(1-4):615-8.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwase H, Gunzert-Marx K, Haettner E, Schardt D, Gutermuth F, Kraemer M et al. Experimental and theoretical study of the neutron dose produced by carbon ion therapy beams. Radiat Protect Dosimetry. 2007;126(1-4):615-8.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hultqvist M, Gudowska I. Secondary doses delivered to an anthropomorphic male phantom under prostate irradiation with proton and carbon ion beams Radiat Measurements. 2010;45:1410-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.05.020.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hultqvist M, Gudowska I. Secondary doses delivered to an anthropomorphic male phantom under prostate irradiation with proton and carbon ion beams Radiat Measurements. 2010;45:1410-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.05.020.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hultqvist M, Gudowska I. Secondary absorbed doses from light ion irradiation in anthropomorphic phantoms representing an adult male and a 10 year old child. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:6633-53. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/22/004.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hultqvist M, Gudowska I. Secondary absorbed doses from light ion irradiation in anthropomorphic phantoms representing an adult male and a 10 year old child. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:6633-53. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/22/004.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu XG, Bednarz B, Paganetti H. A review of dosimetry studies on external beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53(13):193-241. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/13/R01.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu XG, Bednarz B, Paganetti H. A review of dosimetry studies on external beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53(13):193-241. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/13/R01.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ICRP. Radiological Protection in Ion Beam Radiotherapy. ICRP Publication 127. Annals of the ICRP. 2014;43(4)</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICRP. Radiological Protection in Ion Beam Radiotherapy. ICRP Publication 127. Annals of the ICRP. 2014;43(4)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zankl M, Fill U, Petoussi-Henss N, Regulla D. Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon irradiation of male and female voxel models. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:2367-85.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zankl M, Fill U, Petoussi-Henss N, Regulla D. Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon irradiation of male and female voxel models. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:2367-85.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballarini F, Battistoni G, Campanella M, Carboni M, Cerutti F, Empl A, et al. The FLUKA code: an overview. J Phys: Conference Series. 2006;41:151-60.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballarini F, Battistoni G, Campanella M, Carboni M, Cerutti F, Empl A et al. The FLUKA code: an overview. J Phys: Conference Series. 2006;41:151-60.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlattl H, Zankl M, Becker J, Hoeschen C. Dose conversion coefficients for CT examinations of adults with automatic tube current modulation. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55(20):6243-61. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/20/013.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlattl H, Zankl M, Becker J, Hoeschen C. Dose conversion coefficients for CT examinations of adults with automatic tube current modulation. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55(20):6243-61. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/20/013.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ICRU. Reference Data for the Validation of Doses from Cosmic-Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew. ICRU Report 84 (prepared jointly with ICRP). ICRU. 2010;10(2).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICRU. Reference Data for the Validation of Doses from Cosmic-Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew. ICRU Report 84 (prepared jointly with ICRP). ICRU. 2010;10(2).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osama M, Sishc BJ, Saha J, Pompos A, Rahimi A, Story M, et al. Carbon Ion Radiotherapy: A Review of Clinical Experiences and Preclinical Research, with an Emphasis on DNA Damage/Repair. Cancers. 2017;9(66) DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060066.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osama M, Sishc BJ, Saha J, Pompos A, Rahimi A, Story M et al. Carbon Ion Radiotherapy: A Review of Clinical Experiences and Preclinical Research, with an Emphasis on DNA Damage/Repair. Cancers. 2017;9(66) DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060066.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антипов Ю.М., Бритвич Г.И., Иванов С.В., Костин М.Ю., и др. Формирование поперечно-плоского дозового поля и первые радиобиологические эксперименты на углеродном пучке, выведенном из У-70. Приборы и техника эксперимента. 2015;58(4):107-16. DOI: 10.7868/S0032816215040011</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antipov YM, Britvich GI, Ivanov SV, Kostin MY, Lebedev OP, Lyudmirskii EA, et al. Transversally-flat dose field formation and primary radiobiological exercises with the carbon beam extracted from the U-70 synchrotron. Instruments and Experimental Techniques. 2015;58(4):552-61. DOI: 10.1134/S0020441215040016. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бекетов Е.Е., Исаева Е.В., Трошина М.В., Лычагин А.А. и др. Результаты предварительных исследований биологической эффективности пучка ионов углерода ускорителя У-70. Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология. 2017;57(5):462-70</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beketov EE, Isaeva EV, Troshina MV, Lychagin AA, Solovev AN, Koryakin SN et al. Results of the Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of the Biological Effectiveness of Carbon Ion Beam from U-70 Accelerator. Radiation Biology. Radioecology. 2017;57(5):462-70. DOI: 10.7868/S0869803117050022. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каприн А.Д., Галкин В.Н., Жаворонков Л.П., Иванов В.К. и др. Синтез фундаментальных и прикладных исследований - основа обеспечения высокого уровня научных результатов и внедрения их в медицинскую практику. Радиация и риск. 2017;26(2):26-40. DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2017-26-2-26-40</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaprin AD, Galkin VN, Zhavoronkov LP, Ivanov VK, Ivanov SA, Romanko YuS. Synthesis of basic and applied research is the basis of obtaining high-quality findings and translating them into clinical practice. Radiation and Risk. 2017;26(2):26-40. DOI: 10.21870/0131-3878-2017-26-2-26-40. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
