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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Solar-Terrestrial Physics</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2500-0535</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">41326</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/stp-64202007</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Analytical model of the planetary bow shock for various magnetic field directions based on MHD calculations</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Analytical model of the planetary bow shock for various magnetic field directions based on MHD calculations</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-8654</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Котова</surname>
       <given-names>Галина Аврамовна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kotova</surname>
       <given-names>Galina Avramovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>kotova@iki.rssi.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Веригин</surname>
       <given-names>Михаил Иванович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Verigin</surname>
       <given-names>Mikhail Ivanovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Гомбоши</surname>
       <given-names>Тамаш </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Gombosi</surname>
       <given-names>Tamas </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>tamas@umich.edu</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Кабин</surname>
       <given-names>Константин </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kabin</surname>
       <given-names>Konstantin </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>Konstantin.Kabin@rmc.ca</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт космических исследований РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Space Research Institute RAS</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт космических исследований РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Space Research Institute RAS</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Мичигана</institution>
     <city>Эн Арбор, Мичиган</city>
     <country>США</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">University of Michigan</institution>
     <city>Ann Arbor, Michigan</city>
     <country>United States of America</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Королевский военный колледж Канады</institution>
     <city>Кингстон, Онтарио</city>
     <country>Канада</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Royal Military College of Canada</institution>
     <city>Kingston, Ontario</city>
     <country>Canada</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>6</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>44</fpage>
   <lpage>49</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/41326/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/41326/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Study of physical processes in plasma near planets often requires knowledge of the position and shape of the planetary bow shock. Empirical models are usually used since theoretical MHD and kinetic models consume too much computer time and cannot be used to track fast processes. M.I. Verigin proposed a semi-empirical approach based on the use of exact theoretical expressions with a small number of parameters, which have a clear physical meaning. These parameters are estimated by fitting experimental data or detailed MHD calculations. A model of the bow shock near an arbitrary-shaped obstacle has previously been developed for a gas-dynamic flow. This model can be applied to any sonic Mach numbers and large values of the Alfven Mach number. In addition, the asymptotic Mach cone — the angle of inclination of the shock wave at an infinite distance from the planet — has been calculated analytically in the MHD approximation. In this paper, we propose a model of the bow shock for any direction of the magnetic field with respect to the upcoming flow and for any Mach numbers. Parameters of the model are the distance of the nose point from the obstacle, radius of curvature and bluntness of the bow shock at the nose point, a parameter related to the transition to the asymptotic downstream slope of the shock, and a skewing angle appearing when the interplanetary magnetic field is directed at an angle to the solar wind velocity.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Study of physical processes in plasma near planets often requires knowledge of the position and shape of the planetary bow shock. Empirical models are usually used since theoretical MHD and kinetic models consume too much computer time and cannot be used to track fast processes. M.I. Verigin proposed a semi-empirical approach based on the use of exact theoretical expressions with a small number of parameters, which have a clear physical meaning. These parameters are estimated by fitting experimental data or detailed MHD calculations. A model of the bow shock near an arbitrary-shaped obstacle has previously been developed for a gas-dynamic flow. This model can be applied to any sonic Mach numbers and large values of the Alfven Mach number. In addition, the asymptotic Mach cone — the angle of inclination of the shock wave at an infinite distance from the planet — has been calculated analytically in the MHD approximation. In this paper, we propose a model of the bow shock for any direction of the magnetic field with respect to the upcoming flow and for any Mach numbers. Parameters of the model are the distance of the nose point from the obstacle, radius of curvature and bluntness of the bow shock at the nose point, a parameter related to the transition to the asymptotic downstream slope of the shock, and a skewing angle appearing when the interplanetary magnetic field is directed at an angle to the solar wind velocity.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>solar wind</kwd>
    <kwd>interplanetary magnetic field</kwd>
    <kwd>planetary bow shock</kwd>
    <kwd>Mach cone</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>solar wind</kwd>
    <kwd>interplanetary magnetic field</kwd>
    <kwd>planetary bow shock</kwd>
    <kwd>Mach cone</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
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