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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47817</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-6-102-110</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>GENERAL ISSUES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative Analysis of Approaches to Regulation and Monitoring  of Workers for Internal Radiation Exposure</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПОДХОДОВ  К НОРМИРОВАНИЮ И КОНТРОЛЮ ВНУТРЕННЕГО ОБЛУЧЕНИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛА</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Молоканов</surname>
       <given-names>А. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Molokanov</surname>
       <given-names>A. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Кухта</surname>
       <given-names>Б. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kukhta</surname>
       <given-names>B. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Максимова</surname>
       <given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Maksimova</surname>
       <given-names>E. Yu.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И.Бур­на­зяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center (FMBC) FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of FMBA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России, Москва</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia.</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>66</volume>
   <issue>6</issue>
   <fpage>102</fpage>
   <lpage>110</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-17T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>17</day>
     <month>12</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/47817/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/47817/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Гармонизация системы нормирования внутреннего облучения персонала и основных требований к обеспечению радиационной безопасности с международными требованиями и рекомендациями. &#13;
Материал и методы: Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с развитием подходов к нормированию и контролю внутреннего облучения персонала, которое происходило в процессе эволюции рекомендаций МКРЗ и Норм радиационной безопасности. Предметом анализа являются нормируемые величины: основные дозовые пределы для персонала и производные от них допустимые уровни, а также, напрямую связанные с нормированием, методы контроля внутреннего облучения персонала, цель которого – определение степени соблюдения принципов радиационной безопасности и требований нормативов, включая непревышение установленных основных пределов доз и допустимых уровней. В качестве числового примера рассмотрены допустимые уровни ингаляционного поступления нерастворимых соединений (двуокиси) плутония-239.&#13;
Результаты: На основе анализа подходов к нормированию и контролю внутреннего облучения персонала за период с 1959 по 2019 годы показано, что качественная смена подхода к нормированию облучения персонала и населения произошла в 1990-х годах за счет уменьшения числа контролируемых нормируемых величин путем введения единой для всех видов облучения величины дозового предела в единицах эффективной дозы E, которая учитывает различную чувствительность органов и тканей в возникновении стохастических эффектов радиации (WT), используя при этом принятые ранее понятия эквивалентной дозы H и групп критических органов. Из проведенного анализа следует, что ожидаемая эффективная доза является линейным отображением поступления, связывающим эти две величины через дозовый коэффициент, не зависящий от периода времени, в течение которого произошло поступление, и отображающий определенные условия воздействия радионуклида на организм человека (пути поступления, параметров аэрозолей, паров и газов, и типов соединений радионуклида). Показано также, что введенное впервые в публикациях МКРЗ OIR 2015-2019 годов эталонное значение функции z(t), связывающей измеренное значение активности в органе (ткани) или в продуктах выведения с ожидаемой эффективной дозой E для эталонного лица, позволяет стандартизировать способ измерения нормируемой величины эффективной дозы. На основе проведенного сравнения уровней содержания плутония в суточном количестве мочи и в легких, которые должны наблюдаться при постоянном ежегодном поступлении радионуклида в количестве равном пределу годового поступления (ПГП),  используемому в разное время в соответствии с принятыми в то время нормами, показано, что ПГП для современных моделей создает немного меньший по сравнению с моделями предыдущего поколения уровень облучения легких (в среднем в 2 раза) и пропорционально меньший уровень выведения плутония с мочой (в среднем в 1,4 раза) для стандартного типа нерастворимых соединений плутония S. Однако для специально выделенного нерастворимого соединения плутония, PuO2, уровень выведения плутония с мочой существенно отличается в меньшую сторону (в среднем в 11,5 раз) по сравнению с моделями предыдущего поколения. &#13;
Заключение: При практическом внедрении новых моделей МКРЗ OIR, в частности для PuO2, следует проводить дополнительные исследования поведения нерастворимых промышленных соединений плутония в организме человека. Кроме этого, следует использовать дополнительные возможности контроля поступления плутония путем измерения в теле человека радионуклида Am-241, являющегося дочерним продуктом распада Pu-241. Для определения уровня выведения плутония с мочой следует применять наиболее чувствительные методы измерения, имеющие порог чувствительности порядка долей мБк в СКМ для соединений типа S и на еще порядок ниже для соединений типа PuO2. Это может потребовать разработки и внедрения в практику контроля биокинетических моделей, описывающих ускоренное выведение плутония при применении специальных препаратов.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: Harmonization and improvement of the system for regulating the internal radiation exposure of workers and the basic requirements for ensuring radiation safety with international requirements and recommendations.&#13;
Material and methods:  Issues related to the development of approaches to regulation and monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure in the process of evolution of the ICRP recommendations and the national radiation safety standards, are considered. The subject of analysis is the standardized values: dose limits for workers and permissible levels as well as directly related methods of monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure, whose purpose is to determine the degree of compliance with the principles of radiation safety and regulatory requirements, including non-exceeding the basic dose limits and permissible levels. The permissible levels of inhalation intake of insoluble compounds (dioxide) of plutonium-239 are considered as a numerical example.&#13;
Results: Based on the analysis of approaches to the regulation and monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure for the period from 1959 to 2019, it is shown that a qualitative change in the approach occurred in the 1990s. It was due to a decrease in the number of standardized values by introducing a single dose limit for all types of exposure: the effective dose E, which takes into account the different sensitivity of organs and tissues for stochastic radiation effects (WT), using the previously accepted concepts of the equivalent dose H and groups of critical organs. From the analysis it follows that the committed effective dose is a linear transformation of the intake, linking these two quantities by the dose coefficient, which does not depend on the time during which the intake occurred, and reflects certain exposure conditions of the radionuclide intake (intake routes, parameters of aerosols and type of radionuclide compounds). It was also shown that the reference value of the function z(t) linking the measured value of activity in an organ (tissue) or in excretion products with the committed effective dose for a reference person, which is introduced for the first time in the publications of the ICRP OIR 2015-2019, makes it possible to standardize the method of measuring the normalized value of the effective dose.&#13;
Based on the comparison of the predicted values of  the lung and daily urine excretion activities following constant chronic inhalation intake of insoluble plutonium compounds at a rate equal annual limit of intake (ALI) during the period of occupational activity 50 years it was shown that the modern biokinetic models give a slightly lower level (on average 2 times) of the lungs exposure compared to the models of the previous generation and a proportionally lower level (on average 1.4 times) of plutonium urine excretion for the standard type of insoluble plutonium compounds S. However, for the specially defined insoluble plutonium compound, PuO2, the level of plutonium urine excretion differs significantly downward (on average 11.5 times) compared to the models of the previous generation.&#13;
Conclusion: With the practical implementation of new ICRP OIR models, in particular for PuO2 compounds, additional studies should be carried out on the behavior of insoluble industrial plutonium compounds in the human body. Besides, additional possibilities should be used to determine the intake of plutonium by measuring in the human body the radionuclide Am-241, which is the Pu-241 daughter. To determine the plutonium urine excretion, the most sensitive measurement techniques should be used, having a decision threshold about fractions of mBq in a daily urine for S-type compounds and an order of magnitude lower for PuO2 compounds. This may require the development and implementation in monitoring practice the plutonium-DTPA Biokinetic Model.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>ожидаемая эффективная доза</kwd>
    <kwd>годовая эквивалентная доза на критический орган</kwd>
    <kwd>нормирование</kwd>
    <kwd>нормы радиационной безопасности</kwd>
    <kwd>контроль внутреннего облучения</kwd>
    <kwd>персонал</kwd>
    <kwd>биокинетическая модель</kwd>
    <kwd>дозиметрическая модель</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>committed effective dose</kwd>
    <kwd>annual equivalent dose on critical organ</kwd>
    <kwd>regulation</kwd>
    <kwd>radiation safety standards</kwd>
    <kwd>monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure</kwd>
    <kwd>biokinetic model</kwd>
    <kwd>dosimetric model</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
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 </back>
</article>
