<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Geometry &amp; Graphics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Geometry &amp; Graphics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Геометрия и графика</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2308-4898</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">56535</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/2308-4898-2022-10-3-23-34</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Научные проблемы геометрии</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Scientific problems of geometry</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Научные проблемы геометрии</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">On the geometric interpretation of quaternions by cones</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>О геометрической интерпретации кватернионов конусами</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Щеглов</surname>
       <given-names>Г. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Scheglov</surname>
       <given-names>Georgiy Aleksandrovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-26T14:47:28+03:00">
    <day>26</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2022</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-26T14:47:28+03:00">
    <day>26</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2022</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>10</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>23</fpage>
   <lpage>34</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-20T14:47:28+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2022</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/56535/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/56535/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Рассматривается геометрическая интерпретация кватернионов, сложность визуализации которых обусловлена тем, что эти объекты имеют четыре независимых параметра. Анализ литературы показывает, что проблема геометрической интерпретации кватернионов до настоящего времени полностью не решена.&#13;
В первом разделе приводятся общие положения о кватернионах и необходимые обозначения. Во втором разделе описывается классическая геометрическая интерпретация кватернионов дугами на сфере. В третьем разделе приводится описание новой геометрической интерпретации и ее приложение к задаче конечного поворота вектора.&#13;
Представлена геометрическая интерпретация кватерниона как поверхности прямого кругового конуса позволяет наглядно продемонстрировать его как целостный объект в котором скалярная и векторная части взаимосвязаны с учетом их модулей и знаков.&#13;
Для рассмотренных примеров нормированного кватерниона наглядным становится образ важной сущности - верзора кватерниона: в общем случае – это конус, который в предельном случае скаляр-кватерниона переходит в сферу, а в предельном случае вектора-кватерниона переходит в обычный вектор. Эта отличительная особенность предлагаемой геометрической интерпретации позволяет даже при проецировании на плоскость четко отличать образы кватернионов с ненулевой скалярной частью от векторов-кватернионов, что затруднительно сделать в случае дуговой интерпретации. Представление кватернионов конусами наглядно продемонстрировать необходимость двойного кватернионного произведения, при повороте вектора вокруг произвольной оси.&#13;
Образы кватернионов как конусов, сфер и векторов могут быть полезными при изучении алгебры кватернионов, которая в настоящее время находит все большее применение в технике.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The geometric interpretation of quaternions is considered. The visualization complexity of quaternions is due to the fact that these objects have four independent parameters. A literature analysis shows that the problem of geometric interpretation of quaternions has not been completely solved to date.&#13;
The first section provides general provisions on quaternions and the necessary notations. The second section describes the classical geometric interpretation of quaternions by arcs on a unit sphere. The third section describes a new geometric interpretation and its application to the problem of a vector finite rotation.&#13;
The geometric interpretation of the quaternion as the surface of a right circular cone is presented. This representation allow demonstrating it as a holistic object in which the scalar and vector parts are interconnected, taking into account their modules and signs.&#13;
For the considered normalized quaternion, it is easy to understanding an important entity, the quaternion versor: in general, it is a cone, which in the limiting case of a pure scalar quaternion transform into a sphere, and in the limiting case of a pure vector quaternion transform into an ordinary vector. This distinctive feature of the proposed geometric interpretation makes it possible, even when projected onto a plane, to clearly distinguish visualization of the quaternions with a nonzero scalar part from pure vector quaternions, which is difficult to do in the other known interpretations. The representation of quaternions by cones clearly demonstrates the need for a double quaternion product, when the vector is rotated around an arbitrary axis.&#13;
Images of quaternions as cones, spheres and vectors can be useful in the study of quaternion algebra, which is currently finding increasing use in engineering.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>геометрия</kwd>
    <kwd>кватернионы</kwd>
    <kwd>геометрическая интерпретация</kwd>
    <kwd>произведение кватернионов</kwd>
    <kwd>обучение</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>geometry</kwd>
    <kwd>quaternions</kwd>
    <kwd>geometric interpretation</kwd>
    <kwd>product of quaternions</kwd>
    <kwd>education</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александрова Н.В. Из истории векторного исчисления [Текст] / Н.В. Александрова. - М.: URSS, 2022. - 272 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandrova N.V. Iz istorii vektornogo ischisleniya [From the history of vector calculus]. Moscow, URSS Publ., 2022. 272 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арнольд В.И. Геометрия комплексных чисел, кватернионов и спинов. Учебное пособие [Текст] / В.И. Арнольд. - М.: МЦНМО, 2013. - 40 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arnold V.I. Geometriya kompleksnyh chisel, kvaternionov i spinov [Geometry of complex numbers, quaternions and spins]. Moscow, MZNMO Publ., 2013. 40 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Безменов В.М. Применение кватернионов в фотограмметрии [Текст] / В.М. Безменов // Известия высших учебных заведений. Геодезия и аэрофотосъемка. - 2014. - № 5. - С. 22-27.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bezmenov V.M. Application of quaternions in photogrammetry. Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Geodeziya i aerofotos’emka. [News of higher educational institutions. Geodesy and aerial photography]. 2014, I. 5, pp. 22-27. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бойков А.А. О построении моделей объектов пространства четырех и более измерений в учебном процессе [Текст] / А.А. Бойков // Геометрия и графика. - 2018. - Т. 6. - № 4. - С. 54-71. DOI: 0.12737/article_5c21f96dce5de8.36096061.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bojkov A.A. About building of models for objects in space of four and more dimensions in educational process. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2018, V. 6, I. 4, pp. 54-71. DOI: 0.12737/article_5c21f96dce5de8.36096061. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бранец В.Н. Записки инженера [Текст] / В.Н. Бранец. - М.: Издательство «РТСофт»-«Космоскоп», 2018. - 592 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Branets V.N. Zapiski inzhenera [Engineer's notes]. Moscow, «RTSoft»-«Kosmoskop» Publ., 2018. 592 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бранец В.Н. Применение кватернионов в задачах ориентации твердого тела [Текст] / В.Н. Бранец, И.П. Шмыглевский. - M.: Наука, 1973. - 320 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Branets V.N., Shmyglevsky I.P. Primenenie kvaternionov v zadachah orientacii tverdogo tela [Application of quaternions in rigid body orientation problems]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1973. 320 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волошинов Д.В. Алгоритмический комплекс для решения задач с квадриками с применением мнимых геометрических образов [Текст] / Д.В. Волошинов // Геометрия и графика. - 2020. - Т. 8. - № 2. - С. 3-32. DOI: 10.12737/2308-4898-2020-3-32.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voloshinov D.V. Algorithmic complex for solving of problems with quadrics using imaginary geometric images. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2020, V. 8, I. 2, pp. 3-32. DOI: 10.12737/2308-4898-2020-3-32. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голубев Ю.Ф. Алгебра кватернионов в кинематике твердого тела [Текст] / Ю.Ф. Голубев // Препринты ИПМ им. М.В. Келдыша. - 2013. - № 39. - 23 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golubev Yu.F. The algebra of quaternions in the kinematics of a solid. Preprinty IPM im. M.V. Keldysha [Preprints of the IPM named after M.V. Keldysh], 2013, I. 39, 23 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гордеев В.Н. Кватернионы и бикватернионы с приложениями в геометрии и механике [Текст] / В.Н. Гордеев. - Киев: Сталь, 2016. - 316 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordeev V.N. Kvaterniony i bikvaterniony s prilozheniyami v geometrii i mekhanike [Quaternions and biquaternions with applications in geometry and mechanics]. Kiev, Stal’ Publ., 2016. 316 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Диментберг Ф.М. Теория винтов и ее приложения [Текст] / Ф.М. Диментберг. - М.: Наука, 1978. - 328 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimentberg F.M. Teoriya vintov i ee prilozheniya [Screw theory and its applications]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1978. 328 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игнатьев С.А. Повышение наглядности представления изучаемых в начертательной геометрии объектов [Текст] / С.А. Игнатьев, Э.Х. Муратбакеев, М.В. Воронина // Геометрия и графика. - 2022. - Т. 10. - № 1. - С. 44-53. DOI: 10.12737/2308-4898-2022-10-1-44-53.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ignat'ev S.A., Muratbakeev E.H., Voronina M.V. Increasing the visibility of representation for objects studying in descriptive geometry. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2022, V. 10, I. 10, pp. 44-53. DOI: 10.12737/2308-4898-2022-10-1-44-53. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кантор И.Л. Гиперкомплексные числа [Текст] / И.Л. Кантор, А.С. Солодовников. - М.: Наука, 1973. - 144 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kantor I.L., Solodovnikov A.S. Giperkompleksnye chisla [Hypercomplex numbers]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1973. 144 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конвей Дж. Х. О кватернионах и октавах, об их геометрии, арифметике и симметриях [Текст] / Дж. Х. Конвей, Д. А. Смит. - М.: Изд-во МЦНМО, 2009. - 183 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conway J.H., Smith D. On Quaternions and Octonions. CRC Press, 2003. 159 p. (Russ. ed.: Conway J.H., Smith D. About quaternions and octaves, about their geometry, arithmetic and symmetries. Moscow, MZNMO Publ., 2009. 183 p.). (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Короткий В.А. Геометрическое моделирование поверхности посредством ее отображения на четырехмерное пространство [Текст] / В.А. Короткий // Омский научный вестник. - 2015. - № 137. - С. 8-12.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotkij V.A. Geometric modeling of a surface by mapping it to a four-dimensional space. Omskij nauchnyj vestnik [Omsk Scientific Bulletin]. 2015, I. 137, pp. 8-12. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левкин Ю.С. Шестимерная эпюрная номограмма в четырёхоктантовом измерении [Текст] / Ю.С. Левкин // Геометрия и графика. - 2018. - Т. 6. - № 1. - С. 39-47. DOI: 10.12737/article_5ad098b05f1559.36303938.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levkin Yu.S. Six-measured epure nomogram in four oktant measurement. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2018, V. 6, I. 1, pp. 39-47. DOI: 10.12737/article_5ad098b05f1559.36303938. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ляшков А.А. Особенность отображения гиперповерхности четырехмерного пространства [Текст] / А.А. Ляшков, К.Л. Панчук, Л.Г. Варепо // Геометрия и графика. - 2017. - Т. 5. - № 3. - С. 3-10. DOI: 10.12737/article_59bfa3078af4c1.45321238.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyashkov A.A., Panchuk K.L., Varepo L.G. Four-dimensional space’s hypersurface mapping singularity. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2017, V. 5, I. 3, pp. 3-10. DOI: 10.12737/article_59bfa3078af4c1.45321238. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мисюра Н.Е. Кватернионные модели в кинематике и динамике твердого тела. Учебное пособие [Текст] / Н.Е. Мисюра, Е.А. Митюшов. - Екатеринбург: Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2020. - 120 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Misyura N.E. Mityushov E.A. Kvaternionnye modeli v kinematike i dinamike tverdogo tela [Quaternion models in kinematics and dynamics of a rigid body]. Ekaterinurg, Ural University Publ., 2020. 120 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Назарова О.Н. Анализ некоторых задач курса теоретической механики, решаемых методами начертательной геометрии [Текст] / О.Н. Назарова // Геометрия и графика. - 2019. - Т. 7. - № 4. - С. 76-83. DOI: 10.12737/2308-4898-2020-76-83.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazarova O.N. Analysis of some problems from a course on theoretical mechanics solved by descriptive geometry’s methods. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2019, V. 7, I. 4, pp. 76-83. DOI: 10.12737/2308-4898-2020-76-83. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полякова Н.С. Кватернионы и их применение: метод. указания [Текст] / Н.С. Полякова, Г.С. Дерябина. - М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана, 2003. - 54 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poljakova N.S., Derjabina G.S. Kvaterniony i ih primenenie : metodicheskie ukazaniya [Quaternions and their application: guidelines]. Moscow, BMSTU Publ., 2003. 54 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Савельев Ю.А. Черкасова Вычислительная графика в решении нетрадиционных инженерных задач [Текст] / Ю.А. Савельев, Е.Ю. Черкасова // Геометрия и графика. - 2020. - Т. 8. - № 1. - С. 33-44. DOI: 10.12737/2308-4898-2020-33-44.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savel'ev Yu.A., Cherkasova E.Yu. Computational graphics in solving of non-traditional engineering problems. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2020, V. 8, I. 1, pp. 33-44.DOI: 10.12737/2308-4898-2020-33-44. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Садбери Э. Кватернионный анализ [Текст] / Э. Садбери // Гиперкомплексные числа в геометрии и физике. - 2004. - Т. 1. - № 2-2. - С. 130-157.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadberri E. Quaternion analysis. Giperkompleksnye chisla v geometrii i fizike [Hypercomplex numbers in geometry and physics], 2004, V. 1, I. 2-2, pp. 130-157. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Серегин В.И. Междисциплинарные связи начертательной геометрии и смежных разделов высшей математики [Текст] / В.И. Серегин, Г.С. Иванов, И.М. Дмитриева, К.А. Муравьев // Геометрия и графика. - 2013. - Т. 1. - № 3-4. - С. 8-12. DOI: 10.12737/2124.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seregin V.I., Ivanov G.S., Dmitrieva I.M., Murav'ev K.A. Interdisciplinary connections of descriptive geometry and related sections of higher mathematics. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2013, V. 1, I. 3-4, pp. 8-12. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Челноков Ю.Н. Кватернионные и бикватернионные модели и методы механики твердого тела и их приложения. Геометрия и кинематика движения [Текст] / Ю.Н. Челноков. - М.: ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2006. - 512 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chelnokov Yu.N. Kvaternionnye i bikvaternionnye modeli i metody mekhaniki tverdogo tela i ih prilozheniya. Geometriya i kinematika dvizheniya [Quaternionic and biquaternionic models and methods of solid mechanics and their applications. Geometry and kinematics of motion]. Moscow, FIZMATLIT Publ., 2006. 512 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baek J., Jean H., Kim G., Han S. Visualizing quaternion multiplication. IEEE Access, 2017. V. 5, pp. 8948-8955. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2705196</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baek J., Jean H., Kim G., Han S. Visualizing quaternion multiplication. IEEE Access, 2017. V. 5, pp. 8948-8955. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2705196.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolker E.D. The Spinor Spanner. The American Mathematical Monthly. 1973, V. 80, I. 9, pp. 977-984. DOI:10.2307/2318771.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolker E.D. The Spinor Spanner. The American Mathematical Monthly. 1973, V. 80, I. 9, pp. 977-984. DOI:10.2307/2318771.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boykov A.A. Development and application of the geometry constructions language to building computer geometric models // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2021, Volume 1901 (012058), pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1901/1/012058.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boykov A.A. Development and application of the geometry constructions language to building computer geometric models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, I. 1901, PaperID 012058, 9 p. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1901/1/012058.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demirci B.B., Aghayev N. On geometric applications of quaternions. Turkish Journal of Mathematics, 2020, V. 44. I. 4, Article 15, 16 p. DOI:10.3906/mat-1907-120.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demirci B.B., Aghayev N. On geometric applications of quaternions. Turkish Journal of Mathematics, 2020, V. 44. I. 4, Article 15, 16 p. DOI:10.3906/mat-1907-120.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldman R. An Integrated Introduction to Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling. CRC Press, 2009, 574 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldman R. An Integrated Introduction to Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling. CRC Press, 2009, 574 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldman R. Understanding quaternions. Graph. Models, 2011, V. 73, I. 2, pp. 21-49. DOI:10.1016/j.gmod.2010.10.004.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldman R. Understanding quaternions. Graph. Models, 2011, V. 73, I. 2, pp. 21-49. DOI:10.1016/j.gmod.2010.10.004.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamilton W.R. Elements of quaternions. London, Longmans Green, 1866, 762 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamilton W.R. Elements of quaternions. London, Longmans Green, 1866, 762 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanson, A.J. Visualizing Quaternions. Elsevier: Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, 536 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanson, A.J. Visualizing Quaternions. Elsevier: Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, 536 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B32">
    <label>32.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart J.C., Francis G.K., Kauffman L.H. Visualizing quaternion rotation. ACM Trans. Graph., 1994, V. 13, I. 3, pp. 256-276. DOI:10.1145/195784.197480.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart J.C., Francis G.K., Kauffman L.H. Visualizing quaternion rotation. ACM Trans. Graph., 1994, V. 13, I. 3, pp. 256-276. DOI:10.1145/195784.197480.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B33">
    <label>33.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hitzer E. The orthogonal planes split of quaternions and its relation to quaternion geometry of rotations. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2015, I. 597, PaperID 012042, 11 p. DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/597/1/012042.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hitzer E. The orthogonal planes split of quaternions and its relation to quaternion geometry of rotations. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2015, I. 597, PaperID 012042, 11 p. DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/597/1/012042.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B34">
    <label>34.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuipers J.B. Quaternions and Rotation Sequences: A Primer with Applications to Orbits, Aerospace and Virtual Reality. Princeton University Press, 2002, 400 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuipers J.B. Quaternions and Rotation Sequences: A Primer with Applications to Orbits, Aerospace and Virtual Reality. Princeton University Press, 2002, 400 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B35">
    <label>35.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malonek H.R. Quaternions in Applied Sciences. Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. Internationales Kolloquium über Anwendungen der Informatik und Mathematik in Architektur und Bauwesen, IKM, Weimar, 16. 2003, 20 p. Available at: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-136 (Accessed 04 August 2022).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malonek H.R. Quaternions in Applied Sciences. Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. Internationales Kolloquium über Anwendungen der Informatik und Mathematik in Architektur und Bauwesen, IKM, Weimar, 16. 2003, 20 p. Available at: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20111215-136 (accessed 04 August 2022)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B36">
    <label>36.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meister L., SchaebenH. A concise quaternion geometry of rotations. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 2005, V. 28, pp. 101-126. DOI: 10.1002/mma.560.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meister L., SchaebenH. A concise quaternion geometry of rotations. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., 2005, V. 28, pp. 101-126. DOI: 10.1002/mma.560.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B37">
    <label>37.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minguzzi E. A geometrical introduction to screw theory. Eur. J. Phys., 2013, V. 34, pp. 613-632. DOI:10.1088/0143-0807/34/3/613.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minguzzi E. A geometrical introduction to screw theory. Eur. J. Phys., 2013, V. 34, pp. 613-632. DOI:10.1088/0143-0807/34/3/613.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B38">
    <label>38.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng Du, Haibao Hu, Dong Ding, Zhuoyue Li Understanding quaternions. NOVA Publ. 2020, 197 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng Du, Haibao Hu, Dong Ding, Zhuoyue Li Understanding quaternions. NOVA Publ. 2020, 197 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B39">
    <label>39.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staley M. Understanding quaternions and the Dirac belt trick. Eur. J. Phys. 2010, V. 31, pp. 467-478. DOI:10.1088/0143-0807/31/3/004.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staley M. Understanding quaternions and the Dirac belt trick. Eur. J. Phys. 2010, V. 31, pp. 467-478. DOI:10.1088/0143-0807/31/3/004.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B40">
    <label>40.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tait P.G. An Elementary Treatise on Quaternions. Clarendon Press, 1867, 320 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tait P.G. An Elementary Treatise on Quaternions. Clarendon Press, 1867, 320 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
