Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2500-0535 57159 10.12737/stp-93202305 Results of current research Results of current research Results of current research Influence of strong solar proton events on propagation of radio signals in the VLF range in a high-latitude region Influence of strong solar proton events on propagation of radio signals in the VLF range in a high-latitude region Ахметов Олег Иршатович Akhmetov Oleg Irshatovich akhmetov@pgia.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Мингалев Игорь Викторович Mingalev Igor Viktorovich mingalev_i@pgia.ru

доктор физико-математических наук;

doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Мингалев Олег Викторович Mingalev Oleg Viktorovich mingalev_o@pgia.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Белаховский Владимир Борисович Belahovskiy Vladimir Borisovich belakhov@mail.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Маурчев Евгений Александрович Maurchev Evgeniy Aleksandrovich maurchev@pgia.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5001-9768 Ларченко Алексей Викторович Larchenko Aleksey Viktorovich alexey.larchenko@gmail.com Суворова Зоя Викторовна Suvorova Zoya Viktorovna suvorova@pgia.ru Балабин Юрий Васильевич Balabin Yuriy Vasilyevich balabin@pgia.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Полярный геофизический институт РАН Апатиты Россия Polar Geophysical Institute RAS Apatity Russian Federation Полярный геофизический институт РАН Апатиты Россия Polar Geophysical Institute RAS Apatity Russian Federation Мурманский арктический государственный университет Апатиты Россия Murmansk Arctic State University Apatity Russian Federation Полярный геофизический институт РАН Апатиты Россия Polar Geophysical Institute RAS Apatity Russian Federation Мурманский арктический государственный университет Апатиты Россия Murmansk Arctic State University Apatity Russian Federation Полярный геофизический институт Апатиты Россия Polar Geophysical Institute Apatity Russian Federation Полярный геофизический институт КНЦ РАН Апатиты Россия Polar Geophysical Institute KSC RAS Apatity Russian Federation Полярный геофизический институт Апатиты Россия Polar Geophysical Institute Apatity Russian Federation Полярный геофизический институт РАН Апатиты Россия Polar Geophysical Institute RAS Apatity Russian Federation Полярный геофизический институт КНЦ РАН Апатиты Россия Polar Geophysical Institute KSC RAS Apatity Russian Federation 30 09 2023 30 09 2023 9 3 30 42 11 02 2023 27 06 2023 https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/57159/view

In this paper, we examine the features of RSDN-20 signal propagation in a high-latitude Earth–ionosphere waveguide during solar proton events, using computational experiment methods. We have analyzed two proton ground-level enhancement (GLE) events of December 13, 2006 (GLE70) and September 10, 2017 (GLE72). Electron density profiles were constructed using the Global Dynamic Model of Ionosphere (GDMI) and the RUSCOSMICS model, developed at PGI. We present estimated phase and amplitude changes in RSDN-20 signals during precipitation of high-energy protons in the high-latitude region of the Earth–ionosphere waveguide. From the results of computational experiments and the analysis of the electromagnetic signal attenuation based on analytical Maxwell’s equation system solution in magnetized ionospheric plasma, we have found a pattern in the signal attenuation frequency dependence associated simultaneously with the signal reflection height, electron density profiles, and the collision frequency of electrons with neutral particles and ions. We discuss limitations of the computational experiment method and compare simulation results with data from Lovozero and Tuloma observatories.

In this paper, we examine the features of RSDN-20 signal propagation in a high-latitude Earth–ionosphere waveguide during solar proton events, using computational experiment methods. We have analyzed two proton ground-level enhancement (GLE) events of December 13, 2006 (GLE70) and September 10, 2017 (GLE72). Electron density profiles were constructed using the Global Dynamic Model of Ionosphere (GDMI) and the RUSCOSMICS model, developed at PGI. We present estimated phase and amplitude changes in RSDN-20 signals during precipitation of high-energy protons in the high-latitude region of the Earth–ionosphere waveguide. From the results of computational experiments and the analysis of the electromagnetic signal attenuation based on analytical Maxwell’s equation system solution in magnetized ionospheric plasma, we have found a pattern in the signal attenuation frequency dependence associated simultaneously with the signal reflection height, electron density profiles, and the collision frequency of electrons with neutral particles and ions. We discuss limitations of the computational experiment method and compare simulation results with data from Lovozero and Tuloma observatories.

 numerical modeling radio wave propagation ionosphere high latitudes GLE VLF RSDN-20 GDMI numerical modeling radio wave propagation ionosphere high latitudes GLE VLF RSDN-20 GDMI The work was financially supported by RSF Grant (Project No. 18-77-10018) (Akhmetov O.I., Belakhovsky V.B., Maurchev E.A., Balabin Yu.V.) [https://rscf.ru/project/18-77-10018 /] The work was financially supported by RSF Grant (Project No. 18-77-10018) (Akhmetov O.I., Belakhovsky V.B., Maurchev E.A., Balabin Yu.V.) [https://rscf.ru/project/18-77-10018 /]

Akhmetov O.I., Mingalev I.V., Mingalev O.V., Suvorova Z.V., Belakhovsky V.B., Chernyakov S.M. Determination of the characteristics of INCH waves that react most strongly to minor changes in the electron density of the ionosphere at high latitudes. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2019, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 81-90. DOI: 10.12737/stp-54201911. Akhmetov O.I., Mingalev I.V., Mingalev O.V., Suvorova Z.V., Belakhovsky V.B., Chernyakov S.M. Determination of the characteristics of INCH waves that react most strongly to minor changes in the electron density of the ionosphere at high latitudes. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2019, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 81-90. DOI: 10.12737/stp-54201911. Akhmetov O.I., Mingalev I.V., Mingalev O.V., Belakhovsky V.B., Suvorova Z.V. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the region of high latitudes at various states of the ionosphere at frequencies of the RSDN-20 (ALPHA) radionavigation system. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2021a, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 376-388. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793221030026. Akhmetov O.I., Mingalev I.V., Mingalev O.V., Belakhovsky V.B., Suvorova Z.V. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the region of high latitudes at various states of the ionosphere at frequencies of the RSDN-20 (ALPHA) radionavigation system. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2021a, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 376-388. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793221030026. Akhmetov O.I., Mingalev I.V., Mingalev O.V., Belakhovsky V.B., Suvorova Z.V. Propagation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies of the Beta time signal service through the ionosphere in different states at high latitudes. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2021b, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 224-229. DOI: 10.3103/S1062873821020039. Akhmetov O.I., Mingalev I.V., Mingalev O.V., Belakhovsky V.B., Suvorova Z.V. Propagation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies of the Beta time signal service through the ionosphere in different states at high latitudes. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2021b, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 224-229. DOI: 10.3103/S1062873821020039. Akhmetov O.I., Belakhovsky V.B., Mingalev I.V., Mingalev O.V., Larchenko A.V., Suvorova Z.V. About the propagation of RSDN-20 “Alpha” signals in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide during geomagnetic disturbances. Radio Sci. 2023, vol. 58, e2022RS007490. DOI: 10.1029/2022RS007490. Akhmetov O.I., Belakhovsky V.B., Mingalev I.V., Mingalev O.V., Larchenko A.V., Suvorova Z.V. About the propagation of RSDN-20 “Alpha” signals in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide during geomagnetic disturbances. Radio Sci. 2023, vol. 58, e2022RS007490. DOI: 10.1029/2022RS007490. Alken P., Thébault E., Beggan C.D., Amit H., Aubert J., Baerenzung J., et al. International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation. Earth Planets Space. 2021, vol. 73, 49. DOI: 10.1186/s40623-020-01288-x. Alken P., Thébault E., Beggan C.D., Amit H., Aubert J., Baerenzung J., et al. International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation. Earth Planets Space. 2021, vol. 73, 49. DOI: 10.1186/s40623-020-01288-x. Clilverd M., Seppälä A., Rodger C., Thomson N., Verronen P., Turunen E., et al. Modeling polar ionospheric effects during the October-November 2003 solar proton events. Radio Sci. 2006, vol. 41, id RS2001. DOI: 10.1029/2005RS003290. Clilverd M., Seppälä A., Rodger C., Thomson N., Verronen P., Turunen E., et al. Modeling polar ionospheric effects during the October-November 2003 solar proton events. Radio Sci. 2006, vol. 41, id RS2001. DOI: 10.1029/2005RS003290. Deminov M.G., Shubin V.N., Baidin V.I. Model of the E-layer critical frequency for the auroral region. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2021, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 713-720. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793221050054. Deminov M.G., Shubin V.N., Baidin V.I. Model of the E-layer critical frequency for the auroral region. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2021, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 713-720. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793221050054. Dowden R.L., Adams C.D.D. Phase and amplitude perturbations on the NWC signal at Dunedin from lightning-induced electron precipitation. J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 1989, vol. 94, iss. A1, pp. 497-503. DOI: 10.1029/JA094iA01p00497. Dowden R.L., Adams C.D.D. Phase and amplitude perturbations on the NWC signal at Dunedin from lightning-induced electron precipitation. J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 1989, vol. 94, iss. A1, pp. 497-503. DOI: 10.1029/JA094iA01p00497. Gavrilov B.G., Ermak V.M., Poklad Yu.V., Ryakhovsky I.A. Estimate of variations in the parameters of the midlatitude lower ionosphere caused by the solar flare of September 10, 2017. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2019, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 587-592. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793219050049. Gavrilov B.G., Ermak V.M., Poklad Yu.V., Ryakhovsky I.A. Estimate of variations in the parameters of the midlatitude lower ionosphere caused by the solar flare of September 10, 2017. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2019, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 587-592. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793219050049. Gledhill J.A. The effective recombination coefficient of electrons in the ionosphere between 50 and 150 km. Radio Sci. 1986, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 399-408. DOI: 10.1029/RS021i003p00399. Gledhill J.A. The effective recombination coefficient of electrons in the ionosphere between 50 and 150 km. Radio Sci. 1986, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 399-408. DOI: 10.1029/RS021i003p00399. Hargreaves J.K. The upper atmosphere and solar-terrestrial relations: An introduction to the aerospace environment. 1st edition.Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979, 298 p. Hargreaves J.K. The upper atmosphere and solar-terrestrial relations: An introduction to the aerospace environment. 1st edition.Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979, 298 p. Inan U.S., Cummer S.A., Marshall R.A. A survey of ELF and VLF research on lightning-ionosphere interactions and causative discharges. J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 2010, vol. 115, iss. A6, A00E36. DOI: 10.1029/2009JA014775. Inan U.S., Cummer S.A., Marshall R.A. A survey of ELF and VLF research on lightning-ionosphere interactions and causative discharges. J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 2010, vol. 115, iss. A6, A00E36. DOI: 10.1029/2009JA014775. Knipp D., Ramsay A., Beard E., Boright A., Cade T., Hewins I., et al. The May 1967 great storm and radio disruption event: Extreme space weather and extraordinary responses. Space Weather. 2016, vol. 14, pp. 614-633. DOI: 10.1002/2016sw001423. Knipp D., Ramsay A., Beard E., Boright A., Cade T., Hewins I., et al. The May 1967 great storm and radio disruption event: Extreme space weather and extraordinary responses. Space Weather. 2016, vol. 14, pp. 614-633. DOI: 10.1002/2016sw001423. Korja T., Engels M., Zhamaletdinov A.A., Kovtun A.A., Palshin N.A., Smirnov M. Yu., et al. Crustal conductivity in Fennoscandia - a compilation of a database on crustal conductance in the fennoscandian shield. Earth Planets Space. 2002, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 535-558. DOI: 10.1186/BF03353044. Korja T., Engels M., Zhamaletdinov A.A., Kovtun A.A., Palshin N.A., Smirnov M. Yu., et al. Crustal conductivity in Fennoscandia - a compilation of a database on crustal conductance in the fennoscandian shield. Earth Planets Space. 2002, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 535-558. DOI: 10.1186/BF03353044. Lifshits E.M., Pitaevsky L.P. Fizicheskaya kinetika [Physical Kinetics]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1979, 527 p. (Landau L.D., Lifshits E.M. Teoreticheskaya fizika. [Theoretical Physics]. Vol. X). (In Russian). Lifshits E.M., Pitaevsky L.P. Fizicheskaya kinetika [Physical Kinetics]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1979, 527 p. (Landau L.D., Lifshits E.M. Teoreticheskaya fizika. [Theoretical Physics]. Vol. X). (In Russian). Marshall R.A., Wallace T., Turbe M. Finite-difference modeling of very-low-frequency propagation in the earth-ionosphere waveguide. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2017, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 7185-7197. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2758392. Marshall R.A., Wallace T., Turbe M. Finite-difference modeling of very-low-frequency propagation in the earth-ionosphere waveguide. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2017, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 7185-7197. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2758392. Maurchev E.A., Balabin Yu.V. Model complex for the study of cosmic rays. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2016, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 3-10. DOI: 10.12737/24269. Maurchev E.A., Balabin Yu.V. Model complex for the study of cosmic rays. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2016, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 3-10. DOI: 10.12737/24269. Meyer P., Parker E.N., Simpson J.A. Solar cosmic rays of February 1956 and their propagation through interplanetary space. Phys. Rev. 1956, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 768-783. Meyer P., Parker E.N., Simpson J.A. Solar cosmic rays of February 1956 and their propagation through interplanetary space. Phys. Rev. 1956, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 768-783. Mishev A., Velinov P.I.Y. Determination of medium time scale ionization effects at various altitudes in the stratosphere and troposphere during ground level enhancement due to solar cosmic rays on 13.12.2006 (GLE 70). C.R. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 2015, vol. 68, pp. 1427-1432. Mishev A., Velinov P.I.Y. Determination of medium time scale ionization effects at various altitudes in the stratosphere and troposphere during ground level enhancement due to solar cosmic rays on 13.12.2006 (GLE 70). C.R. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 2015, vol. 68, pp. 1427-1432. Perez-Peraza J.A., Márquez-Adame J.C., Caballero-Lopez R.A., Manzano I., Roberto R. Spectra of the two official GLEs of solar cycle 24. Adv. Space Res. 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 663-676. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2019.10.021. Perez-Peraza J.A., Márquez-Adame J.C., Caballero-Lopez R.A., Manzano I., Roberto R. Spectra of the two official GLEs of solar cycle 24. Adv. Space Res. 2020, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 663-676. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2019.10.021. Shubin V.N., Krasheninnikov I.V., Merzly A.M., Reznikov A.E., Yanakov A.T., Tikhonov M.V. Dynamic Model of the High-latitude Ionosphere (DMHI): Certificate of the computer program state registration No. 2021616554 Russian Federation. 22.04.2021; applicant Federal'noe gosudarstvennoe byudzhetnoe uchrezhdenie nauki Institut kosmicheskih issledovanij Rossijskoj akademii nauk [Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. 2021. Shubin V.N., Krasheninnikov I.V., Merzly A.M., Reznikov A.E., Yanakov A.T., Tikhonov M.V. Dynamic Model of the High-latitude Ionosphere (DMHI): Certificate of the computer program state registration No. 2021616554 Russian Federation. 22.04.2021; applicant Federal'noe gosudarstvennoe byudzhetnoe uchrezhdenie nauki Institut kosmicheskih issledovanij Rossijskoj akademii nauk [Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. 2021. Shubin V.N. Global empirical model of critical frequency of the ionospheric F2-layer for quiet geomagnetic conditions. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2017, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 414-425. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793217040181. Shubin V.N. Global empirical model of critical frequency of the ionospheric F2-layer for quiet geomagnetic conditions. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2017, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 414-425. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793217040181. Schunk R., Nagy A. Ionospheres: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry: 2nd ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, 355 p. (Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Ser.). DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511635342. Schunk R., Nagy A. Ionospheres: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry: 2nd ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, 355 p. (Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Ser.). DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511635342. Wait J.R., Spies K.P. Characteristics of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide for VLF radio waves. Technical Note 300. Boulder, National Bureau of Standards, 1964, 96 p. Wait J.R., Spies K.P. Characteristics of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide for VLF radio waves. Technical Note 300. Boulder, National Bureau of Standards, 1964, 96 p.