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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Солнечно-земная физика</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2712-9640</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">84725</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/szf-111202505</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Результаты  исследований</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Результаты  исследований</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Auroras during extreme geomagnetic storms: Visual observations of the SAR arc in Irkutsk during the 1859 Carrington event</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Полярные сияния в периоды экстремальных геомагнитных бурь: визуальные наблюдения SAR-дуги в Иркутске во время события Кэррингтона 1859 г.</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Михалев</surname>
       <given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Mikhalev</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksandr Vasilyevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>mikhalev@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Белецкий</surname>
       <given-names>Александр Борисович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Beletsky</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksandr Borisovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>beletsky@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-26T19:00:02+03:00">
    <day>26</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-26T19:00:02+03:00">
    <day>26</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>11</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>50</fpage>
   <lpage>54</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-28T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>28</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2024</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-08T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>08</day>
     <month>11</month>
     <year>2024</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/84725/view">https://zh-szf.ru/en/nauka/article/84725/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>В работе анализируется описание в летописях полярного сияния 2 сентября 1859 г., наблюдавшегося в Иркутске в период события Кэррингтона. Описание красной дуги очевидцем, анализ геомагнитной обстановки, публикации о визуальных наблюдениях различных форм полярных сияний на средних и низких широтах в этот период, современные инструментальные наблюдения SAR-дуг на широте Иркутска позволили допустить, что красная дуга, описанная в летописях, является SAR-дугой — одним из типов сияний в субавроральных и средних широтах, наблюдаемых во время геомагнитных бурь. Было установлено, что в Иркутске SAR-дуга наблюдалась на фазе восстановления магнитной супербури. Интенсивность SAR-дуги была оценена как ~10–20 кРл. Проекция плазмопаузы на ионосферу 2 сентября 1859 г. около 12 UT приходилась на широту Иркутска. Можно допустить, что описание полярного сияния 2 сентября 1859 г. в Иркутске является первым предметным описанием SAR-дуги, за век до ее открытия как явления в 1958 г.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The paper analyzes the description in chronicles of the September 2, 1859 auroras observed in Irkutsk during the Carrington event. The description of the red arc by an eyewitness, the analysis of geomagnetic conditions, publications on visual observations of auroras of various forms at middle and low latitudes during this period, modern instrumental observations of SAR arcs at the latitude of Irkutsk have allowed us to assume that the red arc described in the chronicles is a SAR arc — one of the auroral types at subauroral and middle latitudes observed during geomagnetic storms. We have established that in Irkutsk the SAR arc was observed during the recovery phase of the magnetic superstorm. The intensity of the SAR arc was estimated at ~10–20 kR. The projection of the plasmapause onto the ionosphere on September 2, 1859 at ~12 UT was at the latitude of Irkutsk. We can assume that the description of the aurora borealis on September 2, 1859 in Irkutsk is the first objective description of the SAR arc, a century before its discovery as a phenomenon in 1958.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>событие Кэррингтона</kwd>
    <kwd>полярные сияния</kwd>
    <kwd>SAR-дуга</kwd>
    <kwd>среднеширотные сияния</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>carrington event</kwd>
    <kwd>auroras</kwd>
    <kwd>SAR arc</kwd>
    <kwd>mid-latitude airglow</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Минобрнауки России</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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