State-of-the-art analysis for oxidizing technologies related to destruction of complexons and metalloorganic complexes in liquid radioactive waste has been carried out. Ways already put into practice, as well as the experimental ones have been considered. Oxidation by potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide and also ozonization and photo oxidation have been considered in detail. It has been shown that oxidation by potassium permanganate with subsequent filtration leads to decrease of isotopes activity, but hereby a considerable volume of manganese dioxide is formed. The ozonization application allows reduce considerably the liquid radioactive waste (LRW) volume, but along with this ozone is the extremely toxic and explosive substance demanding a special equipment for its production. Efficiency of oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and photo oxidation without catalysts is low. The special attention has been paid to combined oxidizing methods (AOP) based on use of ultra-violet (UV) radiation together with ozone and/or hydrogen peroxide. Such methods allow apply the strongest oxidizer – hydroxyl radical – for LRW processing. Efficiency of AOP-methods and their technological capabilities are substantially defined by characteristics of used UV radiation sources. A detailed analysis for a wide range of UV radiation possible sources (low and average pressure mercury lamps, amalgamate lamps, excimer lamps, light-emitting diodes and pulse xenon lamps) has been carried out, their comparative assessment has been executed. Great potential opportunities for the pulse xenon lamps providing a continuous range of radiation in UV area and high intensity for a stream of high-vigorous photons have been noted.
liquid radioactive waste, plasma and optical technologies, metalloorganic complexes, photo oxidative destruction, photochemical technologies, ultra-violet radiation.
1. Общая информация
Жидкие радиоактивные отходы (ЖРО) образуются на каждом этапе ядерного топливного цикла — от добычи урановых руд до переработки и захоронения отработанного ядерного топлива. ЖРО имеют максимальную опасность по причине их больших объемов и значительной активности, а также потенциальной возможности их неконтролируемого проникновения в окружающую среду.
К жидким радиоактивным отходам относятся не подлежащие дальнейшему использованию органические и неорганические жидкости, пульпы и шламы [1], в которых удельная активность радионуклидов более чем в 10 раз превышает значения уровней вмешательства (УВ) при поступлении с водой, приведенных в приложении П-2 «Норм радиационной безопасности» [2] (табл. 1).
ЖРО представляют собой жидкость (природную или обессоленную и умягченную воду), содержащую химические загрязнители и радионуклиды. Содержание органических и неорганических загрязнителей в ЖРО может составлять от единиц миллиграммов до сотен граммов (кубовые остатки) в литре [3].
Документами [1, 2, 4, 5] на основании которых определяется возможность сброса очищенных ЖРО в окружающую среду, строго запрещается:
- сброс ЖРО в хозяйственно бытовую и ливневую канализацию, водоемы, поглощающие ямы, колодцы, скважины, на поля орошения, поля фильтрации, в системы подземного орошения и на поверхность земли;
- сброс ЖРО в поверхностные и подземные водные объекты на водосборные площадки и на почву;
- смешивание радиоактивных и нерадиоактивных отходов, а также радиоактивных отходов разных категорий с целью снижения их уровня активности.
Также нормируется содержание органических и неорганических примесей в уже свободной от радионуклидов воде.
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