Object. The phenomenon of precariat. Subject of the Study. Precariat as a new group of employees. Wage earners as the vast majority of economically active citizens of industrialized countries. Analysis of New Trends and Phenomena in the Field of Employment. The process of changing stable employment job insecurity. The emergence of the non-legitimized sector in the labour market. The problem of social vulnerability of the strata referred to as «unfit for employment» («not hired», «hired on the unsteady terms», «not wanted»). Precariat as an unprotected unstable social stratum. The underclass — a phenomenon in the shadow, criminal economy. Precariat is the phenomenon of countries with legal economy, but concealing part of the revenues from the state. A precarium consists of representatives of informal wage labour, subjected to deprivation (lack of self-selection and informal employment). Social poliidentity — informal employment, erronioustly considering themselves «the middle class», but having the status uncertainty. Freelance — lack of stable employment relationship with the employer — «staged integration». Purpose. A theoretical study of new trends and developments in the employment sphere.
precariat, hired labour, stratification, stable employment, formal employment, informal employment, the labour market situation, job security, underclass, deprivation, elite, salariat.
Статья подготовлена при поддержке РГНФ, проект № 14-03-00306 «Наемные работники в современном российском обществе: дифференциация и динамика развития».
Введение в проблему
Индустриализация экономики привела к появлению новой феноменальной страты в социальной структуре современных обществ — наемных работников. На современном этапе развития социума наймиты представляют собой подавляющее большинство экономически активных граждан индустриально развитых государств, следовательно, от их самочувствия и притязаний во многом зависит общественное благосостояние и социальный комфорт. Работники наемного труда, в свою очередь, все больше дифференцируются. Внутри этой страты выделяют высший, средний и низший слои, т.е. ее структура все чаще напоминает слоеный пирог с различной начинкой [Херрманн, 2014, 29, с. 11–16].
Наемными работниками в современной социологии считаются индивиды, работающие по найму, на основе трудового договора выполняющие определенную работодателем работу. Они имеют право на получение твердого заработка, на отпуск, выплаты по болезни и иные социальные выплаты. В 2013 г. наемные работники в России составляли более 90% всех занятых в экономике [Статсборник, 2014, 1, с. 30].
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