The paper considers the qualitative and quantitative composition of the lower troposphere and the main pollutants under normal conditions, and in the event of industrial accidents. It identifies the main chemically hazardous substances released into the atmosphere during depressurization of production machinery without subsequent burning sand inventories of such substances on the enterprises of Ukraine. The paper also analyzes the combustion products composition of main classes of flammable substances. On the basis of the analysis the combustion products’ hazard level is defined, as well as their quantitative composition; hence relying on this analysis major hazardous substances released into the atmosphere during fires are identified.
technogenic accidents, chemically hazardous substances, fire, products of combustion, maximum permissible concentration, combustible materials.
Редакция считает статью актуальной, особенно в свете событий на востоке Украины и пожара в июне 2015 г. на нефтебазе в 30 км от г. Киева.
1. Введение в проблему
Украинский научно-исследовательский институт экологических проблем регулярно проводит мониторинг экологического состояния атмосферы над территорией Украины. Данные по основным загрязняющим веществам — формальдегидам, фенолам, пыли, оксидам углерода и азота, диоксидам серы и азота — публикуются в ежеквартальных отчетах [1].
В [2] показано, что значительную опасность для населения представляют нитрохлорбензол, серная кислота и сероводород, содержание которых в некоторых промышленных регионах Украины превышает предельно-допустимую концентрацию (ПДК). Однако экологическая ситуация резко ухудшается при возникновении аварий на химических предприятиях [3]. Всего зарегистрировано более 700 разновидностей загрязняющих газов. Однако содержание большинства из них в атмосфере не превышает 10-3 ррm [4].
Отдельным видом техногенных аварий являются пожары. Экологические последствия лесных пожаров и горения нефтепродуктов рассмотрены в [5–8]. Однако комплексный качественный и количественный анализ химически опасных выбросов при различных техногенных авариях с определением наиболее опасных веществ не проведен.
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