Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
employee
Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
UDC 13
UDC 10
Death as a metaphor in literature is a complex and multifaceted concept that is used by authors to convey deep emotional and philosophical meanings. In a literary context, death is not always seen as physical end of life as such; it can serve as a symbol of loss, change, transformation and, sometimes, rebirth. This allows authors to explore themes such as human vulnerability, fear of the unknown, and reflection of the spiritual life. In this context, death looks like as a metaphor for other forms of loss - loss of identity, hope or love, and the transition from one life to another. This article examines the metaphor of death in works of various genres (religious, psychological and philosophical), providing an opportunity to study death through the synchronic and diachronic prism of time. Applying this approach allows to scrutinize how the prevailing discourse in a particular era has strengthened or weakened people's attitudes towards death, although it has remained, and still remains, a leitmotif of human life. The authors tried to prove that death is not only a loss, but also a hope, a hopeful phenomenon, when characters and heroes of the studied works feel that they can live thanks to death, and for it. Authors draw conclusions about a possible interdisciplinary research concerning the studied issue for a deeper understanding of the essence of human life.
reflection of death in literature, death as fear, hope, liberation, denial, narratives on death.
1. Aleksandrov O. Evolyuciya otnosheniya k smerti v Evrope ot Srednevekov'ya // Uchenye zapiski MRSEI po prakticheskoy psihologii / pod red. D.A. Smyslova. – 2017. – № 2(4). – S. 174–186. 2.
2. Ar'es F. Chelovek pered licom smerti / per. s franc. V.K. Ronina. – M.: Progress, Progress-akademiya, 1992. – 526 s. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LGDJEC
3. Bedovletova O. K. Zhizn' posle smerti: ponimanie dannogo voprosa v mirovyh religiyah // BMIK. 2016. №5. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zhizn-posle-smerti-ponimanie-dannogo-voprosa-v-mirovyh-religiyah (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XCYZLT
4. Boyko O. A. Uchenie Platona o dushe // Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal gumanitarnyh i estestvennyh nauk. 2021. №10-1. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/uchenie-platona-o-dushe (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2500-1000-2021-10-1-67-72; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GFAYHS
5. Breslavec T.I. Poeziya Macuo Base / Otv. red. T. P. Grigor'eva. – M.: Nauka, 1981. – 152 s. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YYWXLF
6. Vangorodskaya, S. A. Otnoshenie k smerti v sovremennom obschestve: kul'turno-istoricheskie osobennosti i vliyanie na samosohranitel'noe povedenie // Nauchnye vedomosti Belgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Filosofiya. Sociologiya. Pravo. – 2019. – T. 44, № 3. – S. 386-395. – DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18413/2075-4566-2019-44-3-386-395. – EDN DVFHOH.
7. Voloskov I. V. Tema «mertvoy dushi» v tvorchestve N.V. gogolya // NAU. 2015. №3-4 (8). [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tema-mertvoy-dushi-v-tvorchestve-n-v-gogolya (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
8. Goryacheva Ekaterina Sergeevna obraz chumy v proizvedenii Al'bera Kamyu // E-Scio. 2022. №12 (75). [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraz-chumy-v-proizvedenii-albera-kamyu (data obrascheniya: 10.02.2025).
9. Gurevich A. Ya. Kategorii srednevekovoy kul'tury, – 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. – M.: Iskusstvo, 1984. – 350 s. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RKLAOH
10. Demichev A.V. Diskursy smerti: Vvedenie v filosofskuyu tanatologiyu. – SPb.: INApress, 1997. – 144 s
11. Dushenko Konstantin Pomni o smerti // Vestnik kul'turologii. 2019. №2 (89). [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pomni-o-smerti (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
12. Evseeva Anna Anatol'evna Vzglyad L. N. Tolstogo na suschnost' zhizni i smerti //Problemy Nauki. 2017. №21 (103). [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL:https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vzglyad-l-n-tolstogo-na-suschnost-zhizni-i-smerti (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
13. Ershova G.G. V poiskah bessmertiya. Ot egipetskoy Knigi Mertvyh do fenomena lamy Itigelova. – M.: Eksmo, 2009. – 448 s.
14. Zasyad'-volk Yuriy Vladimirovich K probleme smysla individual'noy smerti // Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Psihologiya. Sociologiya. 2013. №3. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-probleme-smysla-individualnoy-smerti (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
15. Zingerman B. I. Ocherki istorii dramy 20 veka: Chehov, Strindberg, Ibsen, Meterlink, Pirandello, Breht, Gauptman, Lorka, Anuy / Otvestv. red. A. A. Anikst. – M.: Nauka, 1979. – 392 s.
16. Ivnev R. Smert' neizvestnogo // Serebryanyy vek russkoy poezii. – M., 1993. –294 s.
17. Klyuev A.V. O smysle chelovecheskogo suschestvovaniya. – M.: Profit Stayl, – 2012. – 416 s.
18. Kobylyanskaya A.I. Simvolizm v proizvedenii V. Vul'f «Na mayak» // Simvol nauki. 2016. №2-3. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sivolizm-v-proizvedenii-v-vulf-na-mayak (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
19. Kozubovskaya G.P. Motiv mertvogo zheniha v poezii A. Ahmatovoy // Kul'tura i tekst. 2001. №6. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/motiv-mertvogo-zheniha-v-poezii-a-ahmatovoy (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/PJZEFB
20. Krasavskiy Nikolay Alekseevich Koncepty «Duh» i «Dusha» v povesti Germana Gesse «Siddhartha»//Izvestiya VGPU. 2011. №8. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kontsepty-duh-i-dusha-v-povesti-germana-gesse-siddhartha (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
21. Kudrin S. K., Sosnin V. A. «Otsutstvie sub'ekta» v filosofii postmodernizma (na primere koncepciy Zh. Bodriyyara i M. Fuko) // Zhurnal filosofskih issledovaniy. 2020. №. 4. S. 67-71. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://naukaru.ru/ru/nauka/article/41453/view (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/URXVFK
22. Lisicyna T.A. Obrazy smerti v russkoy kul'ture: lingvistika, poetika, filosofiya [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: http://anthropologia.spbu.ru. Figury Tanatosa. Filosofskiy al'manah. Pyatyy special'nyy vypusk. SPb., 1995
23. Mazin V. Kabinet nekrorealizma. – Yufit: SPb.,–1998. – S.21
24. Mettini E. Ponyatiya «telo» i «telesnost'» v Srednevekov'e i Vozrozhdenii / E. Mettini // Sociologiya mediciny. –2023. –T. 22, № 1. – S. 41-49. – DOIhttps://doi.org/10.17816/socm100781. – EDN HTZGSN.
25. Mettini, E., Vigel' N.L. Ponyatiya «telo» i telesnost'» v teofilosofskom videnii D. Alig'eri v «monarhii» / E. Mettini, // Gumanitarnye i social'nye nauki. – 2024. – T. 102, № 1. – S. 23-32. – DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18522/2070-1403-2024-102-1-23-32. – EDN AIFSGS
26. Mitchell D. Utopiya-avenyu. M.: Azbuka, 2023. – 768 s.
27. Morzhenkova N.V., Cherepaschuk P.D. Evfemizaciya obrazov smerti vviktorianskom diskurse// Vestnik YuUrGGPU. 2016. №2. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/evfemizatsiya-obrazov-smerti-v-viktorianskom-diskurse (data obrascheniya: 11.02.2025). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VTFCUH
28. Petrova Natal'ya Ernstovna Funkcionirovanie ekzistencional'nyh konceptov «zhizn'» i «smert'» v hudozhestvenno-yazykovoy kartine mira romana V. Vulf «Na mayak» // Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo centra Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. Social'nye, gumanitarnye, mediko-biologicheskie nauki. 2016. №1-2. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/funktsionirovanie-ekzistentsionalnyh-kontseptov-zhizn-i-smert-v-hudozhestvenno-yazykovoy-kartine-mira-romana-v-vulf-na-mayak (data obrascheniya: 11.02.2025).
29. Moudi R., Peri P. Probleski vechnosti: Absolyutno novye dokazatel'stva zhizni posle smerti. – M.: Sofiya, 2011. – 256 s
30. Musurmonova A. R. Tema smerti v lirike A.A. bloka // Ekonomika i socium. 2022. №5-2 (92). [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tema-smerti-v-lirike-a-a-bloka (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
31. Nikolina O. I. Znachenie fenomena smerti v mire srednevekovogo cheloveka // Vestnik OmGU. 2011. №3. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/znachenie-fenomena-smerti-v-mire-srednevekovogo-cheloveka (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
32. Novozhilova O.V. Vospriyatie smerti i zhiznennye plany lyudey, perezhivayuschih vital'nuyu ugrozu // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Sociologiya. 2010. №1. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vospriyatie-smerti-i-zhiznennye-plany-lyudey-perezhivayuschih-vitalnuyu-ugrozu (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MVUBKZ
33. Pavich M. Hazarskiy slovar'. Roman-leksikon v 100.000 slov. Zhenskaya versiya. M.: Azbuka, 2000. – 384 s.
34. Pavich M. Hazarskiy slovar'. Roman-leksikon v 100.000 slov. Muzhskaya versiya. M.: 2004 Azbuka. – 384 s.
35. Rendls Dzh., Hok P. Potustoronniy mir: zhizn' posle smerti. Issledovaniya i svidetel'stva. – M.: AST: Astrel', 2008. – 287 s
36. Sablina N. P. “zhizn' zhitel'stvuet”: tema smerti i bessmertiya u russkih poetov//Problemy istoricheskoy poetiki. 2005. №7. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zhizn-zhitelstvuet-tema-smerti-i-bessmertiya-u-russkih-poetov (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RUYLLL
37. Sokolova T.O., Lotareva D.D. – M.: Veche, 2007. – 480 s.
38. Faradzhev K.V. Otchayanie i nadezhdy Franca Kafki. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: http://20v-euro-lit.niv.ru/20v-euro-lit/articles-avstriya/faradzhev-otchayanie-i-nadezhdy-franca-kafki.htmhttp://20v-euro-lit.niv.ru/20v-euro-lit/articles-avstriya/faradzhev-otchayanie-i-nadezhdy-franca-kafki.htm
39. Figury Tanatosa: Iskusstvo umiraniya: Sb. statey / Pod redakciey A.V. Demicheva, M.S. Uvarova. – SPb: Izdevatel'stvo S.-Peterburskogo universiteta, 1998. – 220 s. Tema smerti v duhovnom opyte chelovechestva. Vyp. 5. SPb.
40. Chelovek: Mysliteli proshlogo i nastoyaschego o ego zhizni, smerti i bessmertii. Drevniy mir – epoha Prosvescheniya / Redkol.: I. T. Frolov i dr.; Sost. P. S. Gurevich. –M.: Politizdat, 1991. – 462 s.
41. Cheremisina E.D. Problema smerti v ponimanii cheloveka epohi vozrozhdeniya // Vestnik NASA. 2024. №1. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problema-smerti-v-ponimanii-cheloveka-epohi-vozrozhdeniya (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
42. Sheleketa V.O., Ruzhevskaya A.V., Ivahnov V.Yu., Kopylov S.I. Sociokul'turnye aspekty dinamiki vospriyatiya problemy smerti chelovekom raznyh istoricheskih epoh // Social'no-gumanitarnye znaniya. 2018. №10. [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsiokulturnye-aspekty-dinamiki-vospriyatiya-problemy-smerti-chelovekom-raznyh-istoricheskih-epoh (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YOGKXZ
43. Shkurskaya E.A. Mnogoobrazie form vyrazheniya uzhasa v psihologicheskih novellah E.A. Po// MNIZh. 2017. №2-1 (56). [[Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mnogoobrazie-form-vyrazheniya-uzhasa-v-psihologicheskih-novellah-e-a-po (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025)
44. Shlemova N.A. Tragediya «Gamlet»: metafizicheskiy aspekt // Vestnik MGPU. Seriya: Filosofskie nauki. 2015. №1 (13). [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tragediya-gamlet-metafizicheskiy-aspekt (data obrascheniya: 09.02.2025).
45. Hondzinskiy P.V. Mirosozercanie Evgeniya Nikolaevicha Trubeckogo po ego magisterskoy dissertacii "mirosozercanie blazhennogo Avgustina" // Vestnik PSTGU. Seriya 1: Bogoslovie. Filosofiya. 2018. №77. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mirosozertsanie-evgeniya-nikolaevicha-trubetskogo-po-ego-magisterskoy-dissertatsii-mirosozertsanie-blazhennogo-avgustina (data obrascheniya: 10.02.2025).
46. Morzhenkova Natalya Osobennosti povestvovatel'noy struktury v romane K. Isiguro «Ne otpuskay menya» // Tropa. 2008. №2. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-povestvovatelnoy-struktury-v-romane-k-isiguro-ne-otpuskay-menya (data obrascheniya: 11.02.2025).




