Moskva, Russian Federation
Department of Space Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
Moscow, Russian Federation
Moscow, Russian Federation
The paper discusses the dynamics of the outer electron belt, adiabatic and nonadiabatic mechanisms of replenishment and losses of energetic electrons. Under undisturbed conditions, the outer electron belt gradually empties: in the inner magnetosphere due to electron precipitation in the atmosphere and in the quasi-trapping region due to losses at the magnetopause because drift shells of electrons are not closed there. The latter process does not occur in normal years due to the masking replenishment by freshly accelerated particles, but in years of extremely low activity it leads to a significant decrease in the electron population of the belt. During the magnetic storm main phase, the first reason for the decrease in the electron flux intensity is the adiabatic cooling associated with conservation of adiabatic invariants and complemented by precipitation of electrons into the atmosphere and their dropout at the magnetopause. Electron flux increases involve EB electron injection by the induction electric field of substorm activation and by the large-scale solar wind electric field, with pitch energy diffusion along with adiabatic heating in the recovery phase. The rate of electron flux recovery after a storm is determined by the ratio of nonadiabatic increases and losses; hence the electron flux represents a continuous series from low to very high values. The combination of these processes determines the individual character of radiation belt development during each magnetic storm and the behavior of the belt in the quiet time.
magnetosphere, electrons, radiation belt, replenishment and losses.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
В существующих обзорах по радиационным поясам (РП) [Parks, Winkler 1968; Vernov et al., 1969; Friedel et al., 2002; Millan, Thorne, 2007; Shprits et al., 2008а] достаточно подробно описывается как структура РП, так и его формирование. Согласно принятой теории [Тверской, 1964, 1965], формирование РП объясняется сочетанием медленной радиальной диффузии электронов под действием небольших по величине импульсов магнитного поля с потерями в атмосфере из-за питч-угловой диффузии. В принципе, это объясняет наблюдаемую пространственную структуру захваченных электронов с провалом между внутренним и внешним РП.
Во время магнитных бурь этот стройный порядок нарушается, происходят динамические вариации, понижения и повышения потоков энергичных электронов. Потоки энергичных электронов-«киллеров» привлекают повышенное внимание исследователей, появляются работы, посвященные предсказанию их средних или пиковых значений [Li et al., 2001; Simms et al., 2016] (см. также обзор [Потапов, 2017]).
Большое число работ посвящено анализу динамики РП во время магнитных бурь [Baker et al., 1997; Li et al., 1997; Reeves et al., 1998; Yu et al., 2015; Hwang et al., 2015; Turner et al., 2017], среди них существенную часть составляют работы, выполненные в НИИЯФ МГУ [Вернов и др., 1965; Кузнецов и др., 1966; Бахарева, 2003; Иванова и др., 2000; Калегаев и др., 2015; Antonova, 2005; Lazutin, 2012; Kalegaev, Vlasova, 2014; Dmitriev et al., 2010, 2014; Slivka et al., 2006; Tverskaya et al., 2005; Vernov et al., 1969]. В связи с этим нам представляется целесообразным сделать обзор современных представлений о динамике РП. Заметим, что обзор создавался в значительной мере на основе работ, выполненных в НИИЯФ МГУ.
В обзоре мы сначала опишем динамику РП во время магнитных бурь, затем остановимся на механизмах пополнения и потерь энергичных электронов и в завершение рассмотрим поведение РП в спокойное время. Мы ориентируемся на читателя, знакомого с базовыми понятиями: с характером движения частиц и адиабатическими инвариантами, динамикой полей и токов во время магнитных бурь и т. п.
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