Irkutsk, Russian Federation
The results presented in this review reflect the fundamentals of the modern understanding of the nature of the structure of the slow solar wind (SW) along the entire length from the Sun to the Earth's orbit. It is known that the source of the slow quasi-stationary SW on the Sun is the belt and the chains of coronal streamers The streamer belt encircles the entire Sun as a wave-like surface (skirt), representing a sequence of pairs of rays with increased brightness (plasma density) or two lines of rays located close to each other. Neutral line of the radial component of the solar global magnetic field goes along the belt between the rays of each of these pairs. The streamer belt extends in the heliosphere is as the heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS). Detailed analysis of data from Wind and IMP-8 satellites showed that HPS sections on the Earth orbit are registered as a sequence of diamagnetic tubes with high density plasma and low interplanetary magnetic field. They represent an extension of rays with increased brightness of the streamer belt near the Sun. Their angular size remains the same over the entire way from the Sun to the Earth's orbit. Each HPS diamagnetic tube has a fine internal structure on several scales, or fractality. In other words, diamagnetic tube is a set of nested diamagnetic tubes, whose angular size can vary by almost two orders of magnitude. These sequences of diamagnetic tubes that form the base of slow SW on the Earth's orbit has a more general name — diamagnetic structures (DS). In the final part of this article, a comparative analysis of several events was made, based on the results of this review. He made it possible to find out the morphology and nature of the origin of the new term “diamagnetic plasmoids” SW (local amplifications of plasma density), which appeared in several articles published during 2012–2018. The analysis carried out at the end of this article, for the first time, showed that the diamagnetic plasmoids SW are the small-scale component of the fractal diamagnetic structures of the slow SW, considered in this review.
solar wind, diamagnetic structures, diamagnetic plasmoids, streamer chain
1. Borrini G., Wilcox J.M., Gosling J.T., Feldman W.C. Wilcox J.M. Solar wind helium and hydrogen structure near the heliospheric current sheet; a signal of coronal streamer at 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 1981, vol. 86, pp. 4565.
2. Eselevich V.G., Fainshtein V.G. The heliospheric current sheet (HCS) and high-speed solar wind: interaction effects. Planetary Space Sci. 1991, vol. 39, pp. 737-744.
3. Eselevich V.G., Fainshtein V.G. On the existence of the heliospheric current sheet without a neutral line. Planetary Space Ssi. 1992, vol. 40, pp. 105.
4. Eselevich M.V., Eselevich V.G. Some features of coronal streamer belt in the solar corona and in Earth’s orbit. Astronomicheskii Zhurnal [Astron. J.]. 2006a, vol. 83, no. 9, pp. 837-852. (In Russian).
5. Eselevich M.V., Eselevich V.G. Manifestation of radial structure of the coronal streamer belt as sharp peaks in the solar wind plasma density in Earth’s orbit. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2006b, vol. 46, iss.6, pp. 710-782. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793206060132
6. Eselevich M.V., Eselevich V.G. The double structure of the coronal streamer belt. Solar Phys. 2006, vol. 235, iss. 1-2, pp. 331-344.
7. Eselevich V.G., Fainshtein V.G., Rudenko G.V. Study of the structure of streamer belts and chains in the solar corona. Solar Phys. 1999, vol. 188, pp. 277.
8. Eselevich V.G., Fainshtein V.G., Eselevich M.V. The existence of long-lived rays of the coronal streamer belt. Radial density and velocity distributions of the solar wind flowing in them. Solar Phys. 2001, vol. 200, p. 259.
9. Eselevich M., Eselevich V., Fujiki K. Streamer belt and chains as the main sources of quasi-stationary slow solar wind. Solar Phys. 2007, vol. 240, pp. 135-151. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-006-0197-z
10. Frank-Kamenetsky D.A. Lectures on Plasma Physics. Moscow, Atomizdat Publ., 1968. 288 p. (In Russian).
11. Howard R.A., Koomen M.J., Michels D.J., Tousey R., Detwiler C.R., Roberts D.E., et al. Report UAG-48. Synoptic observation of the solar corona during Carrington rotations 1580-1596 (11 October 1971 - 15 January 1973), World Data Center A for STP, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, 1975.
12. Illing R.M., Hundhausen A.J. Disruption of a coronal streamer by an eruptive prominence and a coronal mass ejection. J. Geophys. Res. 1986, vol. 91, pp. 10951.
13. Ivanov K., Bothmer V., Cargill P.J., P., Kharshiladze A.F., Romashets E.P., Veselovsky I.S. Subsector structure of the interplanetary space. Proc. The Second Solar Cycle and Space Whether Euroconference. Vicvo Equense (Italy). 2002, pp. 317-320.
14. Karlsson, T., Brenning N., Nilsson H., Trotignon J.-G., Vallières X., Facsko G.. Localized density enhancements in the magnetosheath: Three-dimensional morphology and possible importance for impulsive penetration. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, vol. 117, iss. A3, CiteID A03227. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017059.
15. Karlsson T., Kullen, A., Liljeblad E., Brenning N., Nilsson H., Gunell H., Hamrin M. On the origin of magnetosheath plasmoids and their relation to magnetosheath jets. J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 2015, vol. 120, iss. 9, pp. 7390-7403. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021487.
16. Korzhov N.P. Large-scale three-dimensional structure of the interplanetary magnetic field. Solar Phys. 1977, vol. 55, p. 505.
17. Mikhailovsky A.B. Teoriya plazmennykh neustoichivostei [Theory of Plasma Instabilities]. Moscow, Atomizdat, 1970. vol. 1. 294 p. (In Russian).
18. Milovanov A.V., Zelenyi L.M. Fractal clusters in the solar wind. Adv. Space Res. 1994, vol. 14, pp. 123-133.
19. Milovanov A.V., Zelenyi L.M. Fraction excitations as a driving mechanism for the self-organized dynamical structuring in the solar wind. Astrophys. Space Sci. 1999, vol. 264, pp. 317-345.
20. Parkhomov V.A., Borodkova N.L., Eselevich V.G., Eselevich M.V., Dmitriev A.V., Chilikin V.E. Features of the impact of the solar wind diamagnetic structure on Earth’s magnetosphere. Solar-Terrestrial Phys. 2017, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 44-57. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-34201705.
21. Parkhomov V.A., Borodkova N.L., Eselevich V.G., Eselevich M.V., Dmitriev A.V., Chilikin V.E. Solar wind diamagnetic structures as a source of substorm- like disturbances. J. Atmosph. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2018, vol. 181, pp. 55-67. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.10.010.
22. Schwenn R., March E. Physics of the inner heliosphere. II. Particle, waves and turbulence. Springer-Varlag, 1991, 185 p.
23. Stansby D., Horbury T.S. Number density structures in the inner heliosphere. Astron. Astrophys. 2018, vol. 613, no. A62, p. 7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732567.
24. Svalgaard L.J., Wilcox W., Duvall T.L. A model combining the solar magnetic field. Solar Phys. 1974, vol. 37, p. 157.
25. Wang Y.M., Sheeley N.R., Rich N.B. Coronal pseudostreamers. Astrophys. J. 2007, vol. 685, p. 1340.
26. Winterhalter D., Smith E.J., Burton M.E., Murphy N., The heliospheric plasma sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, vol. 99, p. 6667.
27. Woo R., Armstrong J.W., Bird M.K., Patzold M. Fine-scale filamentary structure in coronal streamers. Astrophys. J. 1995, vol. 449, pp. L91-L94.
28. URL: http://wso.stan-ford.edu (accessed 25 May 2019).
