Object. Institutional environment in the psychophysical health. Subject of the Study. The concept of a toxic workplace. Stressors of the workplace and organizational environment. The role of economic factors and social and labour relations in changing health and assessing the living standard and quality of life. Content of the Article. The concept of a toxic workplace is based on the existing research on the subject and suggests that the organizational environment can have a destructive impact on the workers. A number of researchers examine the various causes of stress in the workplace, study factors that reduce the health and welfare of workers. Some of them believe that the trend of deterioration in the health of employees and reducing their quality of life is largely due to the increase in wage inequality, uncertainty and job insecurity. There have been allegations that even one toxic workplace organization can cost significant medical expenses, lead to absenteeism, decreased productivity and profits as well as costs associated with the judicial process, initiated by the victims as a result of the negative impact of a toxic work environment. The article highlights different aspects of toxic workplaces as well as the results of studying this phenomenon by using a survey of employees conducted by the authors at the Russian and Czech companies. Purpose. Building bridges between the organizational environment, economic, social and labour relations to the level of health and quality of life.
a toxic workplace, physical and psychosocial health, health in the workplace, quality of life.
Введение
Теория токсических рабочих мест строится с учетом исследований ученых, работающих в различных областях знаний, которые описывают определенные характеристики рабочей среды, оказывающие негативное влияние на работников[Гундаров, 2013, 17, с. 53–61]. В частности, существуют исследования, подтверждающие причинно-следственные связи между стрессом на рабочем месте и различными нарушениями физического и психического здоровья [2]. Стресс на рабочем месте «как изменение физического и психического состояния в ответ на трудности или угрозы для работника» [1] возникает в организации по причине множества факторов, среди которых токсическая внутриорганизационная среда, рабочая перегрузка, изоляция, переработки, ролевые конфликты, ролевая неопределенность, недостаток автономии, барьеры карьерного развития, сложные отношения с руководством и/или коллегами, буллинг, домогательства и насилие. В течение нескольких десятилетий исследователи также изучают профессиональный стресс, фокусируясь в основном на соотношении «стрессор — деформация» [Татаринцева, 2013, 18, с. 29–33]. При этом «стрессор» описывается как условие окружающей среды или ситуация, которая приводит к негативным эмоциональным проявлениям. «Деформация» является следствием «стрессора» и может иметь физический, психологический или поведенческий характер. Другие исследования, проведенные в течение длительного периода времени, показывают, как стрессовые факторы воздействуют на людей в широком диапазоне профессий [5, 9].
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