Object of the Study. Labour migration in the Russian Federation, and in Moscow, in particular Subject of the Study Employment peculiarities of foreign workers classified as «precarious employment». The purpose of research is to determine the characteristics of precarious employment of foreign workers, to work out proposals for state regulating labour migration and reducing the precarious employment. The research shows signs of precarious employment of foreign workers in Russia: a high level of illegal employment, a low level of remuneration for labour, inadequacy of social protection system and limited access to enjoying of labour rights. Proposals for state regulation of foreign labor migration, reducing the risk of precarious employment have been formulated. In connection with the expansion of the scope of the patents for foreign citizens the following measures are suggested: providing the federal subjects of the Russian Federation with economic levers of influence on foreign workers for certain types of economic activities and professions, to modifying rules on the law of the Russian Federation to laws for establishing regional factors to the cost of patents, including tax revenues generated from the sale of patents into the regional budget. For foreign citizens coming to work in the territory of Russia, it is proposed to establish specific guarantees on wages and to expand access to social, health and education services as well as realize a number of measures on social and labour adaptation on the labour market. Based on the experience of the city of Moscow measures to reduce precarious employment of foreign workers at the regional level have been elaborated: the interregional labour exchange with the assistance of regional employment services, the use of new technologies of employment, staff recruitment in state institutions.
labour market, employment, labour migration, precarious employment, government regulation of labour migration.
1. Введение
Существенное влияние на российский рынок труда оказывает иностранная трудовая миграция. Ее регулирование становится определяющим фактором для данной сферы и для социально-экономического развития государства и общества. Проблему регулирования миграции рассматривают В.А. Волох [1], О.Д. Воробьев [2], А.В. Топилин [3], О.И. Косенко [4] и др.
В условиях демографического спада привлечение иностранных работников по приоритетным для потребностей экономики профессионально-квалификационным группам становится одним из условий ее поступательного развития. Вместе с тем трудовая миграция, особенно в нелегальной форме, имеет негативные последствия для принимающих стран: ущерб от неуплаты налогов, нагрузка на социальную инфраструктуру, социальная и национальная напряженность, нарушения законодательства.
Данные проблемы особенно остро проявляются в экономически развитых регионах, привлекательных для иностранных граждан. В России основным центром притяжения внешних трудовых ресурсов является город Москва, где ежегодно только официально трудится не менее 600 тыс. иностранных граждан (табл. 1).
По опубликованным Мосгорстатом данным баланса трудовых ресурсов за 2012 г. численность иностранных работников в столице составляла 828,2 тыс. человек (8,5% общей численности трудовых ресурсов). Что касается объема незаконной миграции, то существующие экспертные оценки иногда настолько различаются, что выглядят несопоставимыми. Так, в отдельных публикациях объем нелегальной миграции в столичном регионе на начало 2013 г. составлял 5–7 млн человек. В Москве наиболее ярко проявляются ее проблемы.
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